数字技能教学的教学法和课程方法：在正规和非正规教育环境中教授数字技能的最有效方法是什么？（英）2025

No. 12 | June 2025No. 12 | June 2025 Pedagogical and Curricular Approachesto Teaching Digital Skills: What are someof the most effective ways to teach digitalskills in both formal and non-formaleducational settings?Pedagogical and Curricular Approachesto Teaching Digital Skills: What are someof the most effective ways to teach digitalskills in both formal and non-formaleducational settings? Changha Lee, Barbara Freeman, Agatha Gikunda, and Mabel Martínez © 2025 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NWWashington DC 20433Telephone: 202-473-1000Email: AskEd@worldbank.orgInternet: www.worldbank.org/en/topic/education This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpretations,and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board ofExecutive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy, completeness, or currency of the data included in this work anddoes not assume responsibility for any errors, omissions, or discrepancies in the information, or liability withrespect to the use of or failure to use the information, methods, processes, or conclusions set forth. Theboundaries, colors, denominations, links/footnotes and other information shown in this work do not imply anyjudgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement oracceptance of such boundaries. The citation of works authored by others does not mean the World Bankendorses the views expressed by those authors or the content of their works. Nothing herein shall constitute or be construed or considered to be a limitation upon or waiver of the privilegesand immunities of The World Bank, all of which are specifically reserved. Please cite the work as follows: Lee, C., B. Freeman, A. Gikunda, and M. Martínez. 2025.Pedagogical and CurricularApproaches to Teaching Digital Skills: What Are Some of the Most Effective Ways to Teach Digital Skills in BothFormal and Non-Formal Educational Settings?Education Working Paper Series No. 12. Washington, DC: WorldBank Group. Rights and Permissions The material in this work is subject to copyright. Because The World Bank encourages dissemination of itsknowledge, this work may be reproduced, in whole or in part, for noncommercial purposes as long as fullattribution to this work is given. Any queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to World Bank Publications,The World Bank Group, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2625; e-mail:pubrights@worldbank.org. Cover design: Marianne Siblini. Design of some graphic assets: Jihane El Khoury Roederer. Pedagogical and Curricular Approaches to Teaching Digital Skills:What are some of the most effective ways to teach digital skills inboth formal and non-formal educational settings? Changha Lee, Barbara Freeman, Agatha Gikunda, Mabel Martínez Abstract The increasing need for digital skills is driving countries worldwide to invest heavily in digital skillseducation, but the most effective practices for developing these skills remain unclear. This paperreviews current pedagogical and curricular approaches to digital skills development in formal and non-formal primary and secondary education in 22 countries. It explores the relationship between teachingmethods and student learning to understand how to successfully develop digital skills. Results show thathigher-income countries are increasingly introducing digital skills early, often making it mandatory, andimplementing diverse curricular models in the formal sector. Non-formal programs offer accessible,flexible learning; many feature inclusive initiatives for diverse learners. Based on the evidence review,the paper recommends teaching digital skills now, early exposure, combining stand-alone classes withdigital skills integrated into other courses, using structured pedagogy to support student-centeredlearning, and tapping into innovative learning methods used in the non-formal sector. Incorporatingthese practices into education systems requires robust enabling conditions: a digital skills framework,inclusive ICT infrastructure, relevant digital resources, competent teachers, accountable schoolmanagement, and a cohesive EdTech policy. The paper concludes with seven actionable policyrecommendations to guide the design and delivery of effective digital skills programs in Africa. JEL Classification: I200, I210, I240, I250, I280, J240 Keywords: Computational thinking, computer science, computer science education, digital skills,information and communications technology, coding, education, school, education quality, educationsystem, K 12, learning, literacy, early childhood education, primary school, primary education, schooling,secondary school, secondary education, high school, tertiary education, teacher, teacher quality,e