神经技术、脑机接口及其对德国与欧洲外交、安全政策的影响

Neurotechnology, Brain-ComputerInterfaces, and Implications forGermany’s and Europe’s Foreign &Security Policy Reportby Jakob Hensing, Peter Schlecht Table of Contents Executive Summary 3 Introduction5 Neurotechnology: Methods, Use Cases, Outlook8 Structuring the Technology Field9Connections with Other Fields10Technological Outlook and Expansion of Use Cases14 Regional Variation and Competition in the Neurotechnology Ecosystem United States21China24Germany and the European Union28Further Regional Dynamics31 Relevance and Priorities for Germany’s and Europe’s Foreign and Security Policy Enhancing Defense and Deterrence35Fostering Resilience Against Dependencies and Cyber Threats39Pursuing Shared Benefits for Society44 Conclusion47 References for Tables and Figures49 Executive Summary Neurotechnology comprises a range of devices, some implantable into the human body andothersappliedexternally,thatsenseandstimulateactivityinthebrainandtheadjacentcentralnervous system. So far, such devices have mainly been developed for medical purposes, forexample, to restore movement and speech after severe strokes or to alleviate mental healthconditions. However, the field is evolving rapidly and has the potential to revolutionize howhumans perceive the world, process information, and interact with each other, as well aswith computers, artificial intelligence (AI) systems or robots. Ultimately, brain-computerinterfaces (BCIs) that establish a direct link between the brain and machines might becomea platform technology comparable to smartphones today. Against the backdrop of intense global competition over technology leadership, this reportexamines how advances in neurotechnology matter for Germany’s and Europe’s foreign andsecurity policy. It highlights the expanding range of real-world use cases and the likelihood that progresswill further accelerate in the future, with innovation and adoption poised to enter a mutuallyreinforcing dynamic once a certain tipping point is reached. The analysis further considers regional variation in the global neurotechnology ecosystem. Itstresses how the United States and China are pushing ahead, each combining strategic stateintervention and private entrepreneurship in distinctive ways. Meanwhile, Europe is strongin academic research but lags in the translation to practical use and commercialization. Based on these assessments, the report proposes 10 recommendations for Germany’s andEurope’s foreign and security policy, structured along three widely agreed-upon policy aims.While these recommendations cover a range of complex issues, one consistent thread isthat focusing on the regulation and governance of neurotechnology both domestically andglobally is important, but it is not enough. Foreign and security policy also has an importantrole to play in fostering responsible innovation and adoption, both to realize the majoropportunities provided by this technology and to build and sustain influence over globaldevelopments. 1. Enhancing Defense and Deterrence Neurotechnology has obvious potential for military use on the battlefield and beyond. Militaryactors are deeply involved in the regional neurotechnology ecosystems in the US and China,targeting enhanced performance, brain-machine integration and even potential offensiveapplications. In contrast, despite the widely acknowledged need to better defend the continentagainst acute security threats, Europe’s engagement with these novel possibilities remainstimid and reactive. Europe and Germany should: •Worktowards becoming leaders in the responsible military use ofneurotechnology through investment in a dual-use backbone, appliedresearchfor military applications,and deepened engagement withinternational partners (especially via NATO).•Develop an independent perspective on how to effectively prevent leakageof dual-use knowledge and technologies to potential adversaries and engage with the US discussion on export controls to maintain tight links betweenthe innovation systems across the Atlantic. •Initiate a global process toward ethically grounded norms on the military useof neurotechnology. 2. Fostering Resilience Against Dependencies and Cyber Threats Neurotech and BCIs will likely become relevant in many areas of the economy and society. Whilethe benefits could be significant, this also means that dependencies and chokepoints in globalsupply chains require attention and that devices may become targets for hostile interference.Building a strong European neurotech industry is key to addressing these concerns. Europe and Germany should: •Mobilize European public funding to support translational neurotechresearch, commercialization, and trusted solutions for critical domains.•Establish a regular monitoring of the global neurotech ecosystem foremerging dependencies and chokepoints, as well as for signs of unfaircompetition.•Clarify how existing European Union regulations apply to neurotech andreview their design and impl