在中国‘新’经济与人口结构背景下平衡工作与家庭：政策选择及其对女性和性别平等的影响

Policy choices and their implications for women and gender equality Balancing work and family inChina’s ‘new’ economic anddemographic context Policy choices and their implications for women and gender equality © International Labour Organization 2025.First published 2025. Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International. See: creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0. The user is allowed to reuse, share (copy and redistribute), adapt (remix, transform and buildupon the original work) as detailed in the licence. The user must clearly credit the ILO as the source of thematerial and indicate if changes were made to the original content. Use of the emblem, name and logo of theILO is not permitted in connection with translations, adaptations or other derivative works. Attribution– The user must indicate if changes were made and must cite the work as follows: Balancingwork and family in China's 'new' economic and demographic context: Policy choices and their implications forwomen and gender equality, Geneva: International Labour Office, 2025. © ILO. Translations– In case of a translation of this work, the following disclaimer must be added along with theattribution: This is a translation of a copyrighted work of the International Labour Organization (ILO). Thistranslation has not been prepared, reviewed or endorsed by the ILO and should not be considered an officialILO translation. The ILO disclaims all responsibility for its content and accuracy. Responsibility rests solely withthe author(s) of the translation. Adaptations– In case of an adaptation of this work, the following disclaimer must be added along with theattribution: This is an adaptation of a copyrighted work of the International Labour Organization (ILO). Thisadaptation has not been prepared, reviewed or endorsed by the ILO and should not be considered an officialILO adaptation. The ILO disclaims all responsibility for its content and accuracy. Responsibility rests solely withthe author(s) of the adaptation. Third-party materials– This Creative Commons licence does not apply to non-ILO copyright materials includedin this publication. If the material is attributed to a third party, the user of such material is solely responsiblefor clearing the rights with the rights holder and for any claims of infringement. Any dispute arising under this licence that cannot be settled amicably shall be referred to arbitrationin accordance with the Arbitration Rules of the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law(UNCITRAL). The parties shall be bound by any arbitration award rendered as a result of such arbitration as thefinal adjudication of such a dispute. For details on rights and licensing, contact: rights@ilo.org. For details on ILO publications and digital products,visit: www.ilo.org/publns. ISBN: 9789220426906 (print) ; 9789220426913 (web PDF)DOI: https://doi.org/10.54394/AOWW2875 Also available in Chinese:在中国“新”经济与人口结构背景下如何平衡工作与家庭：探讨政策选择及其对女性和性别平等的影响, ISBN 9789220426920 (print); 9789220426937 (web PDF) The designations employed in ILO publications and databases, which are in conformity with United Nationspractice, and the presentation of material therein do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoeveron the part of the ILO concerning the legal status of any country, area or territory or of its authorities, orconcerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. See: www.ilo.org/disclaimer. The opinions and views expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflectthe opinions, views or policies of the ILO. Reference to names of firms and commercial products and processes does not imply their endorsement by theILO, and any failure to mention a particular firm, commercial product or process is not a sign of disapproval. Contents Acknowledgements1 Executive summary2 1Introduction8 2China's demographic and institutional changes and theirimplications for women11 2.1 China's demographic change: key features112.2 Economic transition and institutional change16 3 Balancing work and family: towards a gendered frameworkfor policy21 3.1 Gender, care work and the care economy213.2 Institutional provision and financing: The Care Diamond253.3 Sharing the burden: Recognising, rewarding and redistributingcare work27 4 Family and social policies: women in the service of the economy?30 4.1 A changing policy environment30 4.3 Childbirth subsidies35 5 Towards a gender equal and family friendly workplace45 5.1 Gender inequality in employment455.2 Family friendly workplaces48 6 International experiences52 6.1 East Asia526.1.1 Republic of Korea526.1.2 Japan54 6.2 Europe576.2.1 France586.2.2 Norway59 6.3 Summary of select country experience – lessons for China61 7Conclusion: Key messages and directions for policy andresearch62 7.1 Summary and key messages627.2 Directions for policy and research647.3 Research gaps67 References