马来西亚经济适用房和绿色抵押贷款标准之路（英）

MAY 2026 THE PATH TOWARD AFFORDABLEGREEN HOUSING AND GREENMORTGAGE STANDARDSIN MALAYSIA MAY 2026 Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO license (CC BY 3.0 IGO) © 2026 Asian Development Bank and Cagamas BerhadSome rights reserved. Published in 2026. ISBN 978-92-9277-788-3 (print); 978-92-9277-789-0 (PDF)Publication Stock No. TCS260164-2DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/TCS260164-2 For ADB, the views expressed in this publication are those of ADB authors and do not necessarily reflect the views andpolicies of ADB or its Board of Governors or the governments they represent. For Cagamas Berhad (Cagamas), this work is published in support of Cagamas' mandate to promote home ownershipand contribute towards national development. The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do notnecessarily reflect Cagamas. ADB and Cagamas do not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publicationand accepts no responsibility for any consequences of their use. The mention of specific companies or products ofmanufacturers does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by ADB and Cagamas in preference to others ofa similar nature that are not mentioned. By making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, ADB does notintend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. This publication is available under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO license (CC BY 3.0 IGO)https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/. By using the content of this publication, you agree to be boundby the terms of this license. For attribution, translations, adaptations, and permissions, please read the provisionsand terms of use at https://www.adb.org/terms-use#openaccess. This CC license does not apply to non-ADB copyright, non-Cagamas materials in this publication. If the material isattributed to another source, please contact the copyright owner or publisher of that source for permission to reproduceit. ADB and Cagamas cannot be held liable for any claims that arise as a result of your use of the material. Please contact pubsmarketing@adb.org if you have questions or comments with respect to content, or if you wish toobtain copyright permission for your intended use that does not fall within these terms, or for permission to use theADB logo. Corrigenda to ADB publications may be found at http://www.adb.org/publications/corrigenda. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY INTRODUCTION1 Background1Objectives of This Report4Methodology4Desktop Survey4Stakeholder Mapping, Survey, and Interviews5Analysis of Findings5 MALAYSIA’S ECOSYSTEM FOR GREEN AND AFFORDABLE HOUSING Affordable Housing EcosystemGreen Housing Ecosystem 610 SUPPLY AND DEMAND OF GREEN AND AFFORDABLE HOUSING15 Affordable Housing Supply and Demand15Green Housing Demand16Green Housing Supply17 FINANCING FOR GREEN AND AFFORDABLE HOUSING19 Identifying Eligible Green Investments19Affordable Housing Loans20Green Housing Loans20Sustainability Bonds andSukuk23 COSTS AND BENEFITS Housing Construction Costs in Malaysia24Additional Costs of Green Buildings25Costs and Benefits Comparison: Green and Affordable Housing and Conventional Affordable Housing26Costs and Benefits Comparison: New Green Housing and Retrofitted Green Buildings27 SUMMARY AND POTENTIAL MEASURES TO BE TAKEN TO OVERCOME CHALLENGES29 Minimum Criteria for New Green Affordable Housing32Green Mortgage Program for Green and Affordable Housing33Conclusion36 Annexes38 1Stakeholders in Malaysia’s Affordable and Green Housing System382Green Housing Policy and Regulatory Framework403Affordable Housing Programs414Green Building Certifications435Overview of Green Housing Financial Products Offered by Financial Institutions466Comparison of Eligible Project Categories for SustainabilitySukukIssuances49 References 52 TABLES 1Summary of the Excellence in Design for Greater Efficiencies Certification Levels102Overview of Commonly Incorporated Key Aspects and Parameters for Green Building Certifications173Frameworks and Tools Providing Standards for Green Construction204Overview of Affordable-Housing Financial Products Offered by Financial Institutions215Cost Implications of a Green Building Index-Certification256Breakdown of the Key Cost Differences Between Green and Affordable Housing26and Conventional Affordable Housing7Comparison Between New and Retrofitted Green Buildings278Overview of Gaps and Challenges in the Development and Expansion of Loans29for Green and Affordable Housing9Potential Minimum Criteria for New Affordable Green Housing3210Potential Green Mortgage Criteria for Affordable Green Housing33A1Summary of the Roles and Responsibilities in the Ecosystem of Affordable and Green Housing43A2National Targets in the Building Sector, 2020–203045A3Affordable Housing Programs in Malaysia for Low-Income Households and First-Time Homebuyers 46A4Requirements for the Various Types of Green Ce