空气质量与健康影响趋势：中亚、南亚及东南亚地区洞察

ABOUT STATE OF GLOBAL AIR The State of Global Air (SoGA) is a research andoutreach initiative to provide accurate, meaningful,and up-to-date information about air pollution andits health impacts around the world. A collaborationof theHealth Effects Instituteand theInstitute forHealth Metrics and Evaluation’sGlobal Burden ofDisease project, the program gives citizens, journalists,policymakers, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), ABOUT THIS REPORT This report presents information on exposures to andhealth impacts of fine particulate matter, ozone, andnitrogen dioxide from 1990 to 2021 for three Asianregions: South Asia, Central Asia, and Southeast Asia.The report draws upon the best available air quality HOW CAN I EXPLORE THE DATA? This report has a companion interactive website withtools to explore, compare, and download data andgraphics. Anyone can use the website to access data forcities and countries around the world and track long- Contents Air Pollution and Health inCentral Asia14 Air Pollution and Health inSoutheast Asia19 Toward Cleaner Air: TheChallenge of Household Air33 Conclusions38 Key Resources39 Introduction 1 in 3deaths in Central,South, and SoutheastAsia are linked to air Air pollution is the leadingenvironmental risk factorfor poor health in Asia, guidelines set by the World HealthOrganization (WHO)(Figure 1),resulting not only in significantadverse health impacts but alsoa lower quality of life. In 2021,exposure to air pollution wasamong the leading risk factors fordeath and disability across theseregions, contributing to more than3.4 million deaths (HEI 2024).Exposure to air pollution has beenfound to result in increased illnessand lower productivity, which inturn can result in missed workdaysand diminished contributions to Countries including India,Pakistan, Thailand, and Viet Namexperience some of the worstair quality episodes globally,putting a spotlight on local andregional air pollution. A clear casein point is the recurrence of airquality episodes in parts of Asiain October and November 2024.Cities including Lahore (Pakistan), economic growth (Aguilar-Gomezet al. 2022; Neidell and Pestel Residents across Central,South, and Southeast Asia areroutinely exposed to levels of airpollution above the health-based FIGURE 1.Comparison of annualaverage ambient PM2.5exposure in 2019 withWHO Air QualityGuidelines. The level of population exposureis the main determinant of theburden of disease attributedto air pollution. Risk of adisease and death reducesgradually with the decreasingexposure, so each improvementin air quality is reflected ina better population health.Therefore, the World HealthOrganization has recommendedAir Quality Guidelines (AQG)level and Interim Targets (ITs)as incremental steps in the Yet there is limited funding for improving air qualityacross the region. Overall, only 1% of the international development funding wasallocated for outdoor air pollution. Despite significant health andeconomic impacts, development funding remains low for mostcountries in the region. Recentestimatesfrom the Clean Air Fundhave shown that between 2018 and 2022, around 70% of thetotal international development funding for outdoor air pollutionwas concentrated in three Asian countries: the Philippines (30%), What this report covers those that occur over multipleyears and that studies have shownto result in the largest impact onchronic diseases, which are diseases air pollution (HAP), and ozone,and their impacts on humanhealth across Central, South, andSoutheast Asia at the national level.This report focuses on long-term Systematic and consistent effortsto track progress toward reducingair pollution, as well as the impactsthese reductions have on humanhealth, remain essential. This reportpresents the latest comprehensiveestimates of exposures to PM2.5, What countries does the report cover? The report covers three regions in Asia: Southeast Asia:Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos People’s Central Asia:Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan,Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, andUzbekistan South Asia:Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Democratic Republic (Lao PDR),Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines,Singapore, Thailand, Timor-Leste, India, the Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan,and Sri Lanka Of the countries included in this analysis, India, Indonesia, Pakistan, Bangladesh, the Philippines, Viet Nam, andThailand rank among the 20 most populated countries worldwide. Note that this report does not include countries in East and West Asia, most of which are middle- and high-incomecountries. Future editions of the State of Global Air report will cover the trends and patterns in these regions. FIGUREii:Monthly variabilityin PM2.5in select cities acrossCentral, South, and SoutheastAsia(data source: AirNow, datacollected using reference-gradeair quality monitors) of more than 10,000 researchersworldwide produces comparableglobal estimates of the impactof 88 environmental, behavioral,and dietary risk factors on health