农业科技指标2004-2023：全球及区域趋势

Agriculturalscienceandtechnologyindicators2004–2023 Global and regional trends HIGHLIGHTS →In 2023, global public agriculturalresearch and development (R&D)systems employed 316000 full-time equivalent researchers;countriesspentUSD50.4billion(inconstant 2015purchasing power parities)onpublicagricultural research. →Global public agricultural R&D expenditurewentfromUSD35.9billionin2004 toUSD50.4billionin 2023, corresponding to an average annualgrowth rate of1.8percent, while the number of agricultural researchersincreased from 205000 to 316000 over the same period, growing at anaverage of 2.3percent per year. →Asiaaccounted for 45percent of the global researchers in publicagricultural R&D and 48percentofpublic agricultural R&Dexpenditurein 2023. →Public agricultural R&D expenditure is highly concentrated, witheightcountries accounting fornearly half of global spendingin 2023. →Public agricultural R&D expenditure as a share of agricultural valueadded averaged 1.3percent, with a median of 0.6percent, and aroundtwo-fifths of countries exceeding1percent. FAOSTATAGRICULTURALSCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY INDICATORS BACKGROUND Agricultural researchand development (R&D)plays a critical role in supporting productivity growth andthe development of sustainableagrifood systems.It generates knowledge and technologies thatimprove farming practices and strengthen the resilience of national agricultural sectors.Understandingthe scale of agricultural research systems and the resources devoted to them is therefore essential forinformed policy and investment decisions. Quantitative evidence is thus fundamental for measuring,monitoring and benchmarking inputs and performance in agriculturalR&D, as well as for assessingprogress towardstargets related toscience and technology. The Agricultural Science and Technology Indicators (ASTI) initiative provides internationally comparabledata on agricultural research systems. Formerly managed by the International Food Policy ResearchInstitute (IFPRI),the initiativecollected country-level data in low-and middle-income countries for overtwo decades. At the same time, other organizations–including the United Nations Educational,Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO),the Organisation for Economic Co-operation andDevelopment (OECD), Eurostat, regional bodies and national institutions–have produced R&Dstatistics that can be disaggregated for the agricultural sector. To move towardsa single, harmonized global dataset,the Food and Agriculture Organization of theUnited Nations (FAO)worked with countries andinternationalorganizations to consolidate these efforts and promote globally endorsed guidelines for ASTI data production. The first FAO-led release of theASTI dataset compiles information on two key indicators: the number of agricultural researchers;andagricultural R&D expenditureingovernment,highereducation andprivate non-profit sectors,collectivelyreferred to here aspublicagriculturalR&D, given their role in generating public goods. This analytical brief presents global, regional and country-level trends in public agricultural R&D from2004 to 2023. It highlights changes in research capacity and expenditure, as well as persistentdisparities in the scale and intensity of investment across national agricultural research systems. GLOBAL In2023,public agricultural R&D systems worldwide employed approximately 316 000 full-timeequivalent (FTE) researchers, while global public agricultural R&D expenditure reachedUSD50.4billionin constant 2015 purchasing power parities (PPP). Between 2004 and 2023, the number of agriculturalresearchers increased at an average annual rate of 2.3percent, compared with 1.8percent forexpenditures. The expansion of global capacity and spending on public agricultural R&D over the past two decadescan be divided in three phases. The number of researchersgrew slowly(0.6percenton average peryear)between 2004 and 2009, followed bya period ofrapid growthbetween 2009 and 2014 (3.1percenton average per year), and sustained but slightly lower growth from 2014 onwards (2.9percentonaverage per year).Trends in public expenditure showa slightly differentpattern. Spendingincreasedmodestlybetween 2004 and 2009 (0.8percenton average per year), followed byfasterexpansion from2009 to 2014 (1.7percenton average per year). After 2014, growthacceleratedto2.4percentonaverage per year. Taken together, these patterns suggest that research capacity evolves in a relatively steady andcumulative manner, whereas financial investment follows a more variable trajectory. Nonetheless, bothindicators display a clear long-term upward trend at theglobal level (Figure 1). REGIONAL RESEARCHERS Regions have agricultural research systems of varying sizes, with Asia accounting for the largest shareof the global workforce (45percentof the global agricultural researchers in 2023), followed by Europe(24percent), the Americas (14percent: 6percentfor Northern America and 8percentfor Latin Americaand