人类接触人畜共患病原体的指标

Indicators for human exposuresto zoonotic pathogens © World Health Organization 2025 Some rights reserved. This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0IGO licence (CCBY-NC-SA3.0IGO;https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo). Under the terms of this licence, you may copy, redistribute and adapt the work for non-commercialpurposes, provided the work is appropriately cited, as indicated below. In any use of this work,there should be no suggestion that WHO endorses any specificorganization, products or services.The use of the WHO logo is not permitted. If you adapt the work, then you must license your workunder the same or equivalent Creative Commons licence. If you create a translation of this work,you should add the following disclaimer along with the suggested citation:“This translation was not Any mediation relating to disputes arising under the licence shall be conducted in accordance withthe mediation rules of the World Intellectual Property Organization Suggested citation.Indicators for human exposures to zoonotic pathogens. Geneva: World HealthOrganization;2025.https://doi.org/10.2471/B09677. Licence:CCBY-NC-SA3.0IGO. Cataloguing-in-Publication (CIP) data. CIP data are available athttps://iris.who.int/. Sales, rights and licensing.To purchase WHO publications, seehttps://www.who.int/publications/book-orders. To submit requests for commercial use andqueries on rights and licensing, seehttps://www.who.int/copyright. Third-party materials.If you wish to reuse material from this work that is attributed to a thirdparty, such as tables, figures or images, it is your responsibility to determine whether permission isneeded for that reuse and to obtain permission from the copyright holder. Therisk of claims General disclaimers.The designations employed and the presentation of the material in thispublication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of WHO concerningthe legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that theyare endorsed or recommended by WHOin preference to others of a similar nature that are not All reasonable precautions have been taken by WHOto verify the information contained in thispublication. However, the published material is being distributed without warranty of any kind,either expressed or implied. The responsibility for the interpretation and use of the material lies Contents Acknowledgements...............................................................................................................................................................ivAbbreviations/Glossary.........................................................................................................................................................vExecutive summary...............................................................................................................................................................viRationale of the work...........................................................................................................................................................vii 3.Conclusion.......................................................................................................................................................................11References................................................................................................................................................................................13Annexes.....................................................................................................................................................................................14Annex 1-Barriers for pathogen spillover..............................................................................................................14Annex 2-Definitions of levels used (Figure 3)....................................................................................................15Annex 3-Detailed information that was considered by the experts..........................................................16 Acknowledgements This report was developed in collaboration with both the World Health Organization (WHO),thePreventingZoonotic Disease Emergence Initiative (PREZODE), and the Institut de recherche pour le WHO Staff This report was prepared under the leadership ofMaria Van Kerkhove (Director a.i. for theDepartment of EpidemicandPandemic Management (EPM),WHO Health Emergency Preparedness Sophie Von Dobschuetz (Team lead, COVID-19 and other Coronaviruses Programme), AliceSimniceanu (Epidemiologist, COVID-19 and other Coronaviruses Programme), Diana Rojas Alvarez(Medical Officer,Emerging Zoonoses and High Impact Epidemics), with a special thank you to the External experts WHO/PREZODEworking-groupled byBenjamin Roche (IRD/PRE