人工智能时代的公共机构：新兴实践

GOVERNANCEPUBLIC INSTITUTIONSIN THE AGE OF AIPublic Disclosure Authorized Emerging Practices PUBLIC INSTITUTIONSIN THE AGE OF AI Emerging Practices © 2026 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank1818 H Street NWWashington DC 20433Telephone: 202-473-1000Internet: www.worldbank.org This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings,interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of TheWorld Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy, completeness, or currency of the data includedin this work and does not assume responsibility for any errors, omissions, or discrepancies in theinformation, or liability with respect to the use of or failure to use the information, methods, processes,or conclusions set forth. The boundaries, colors, denominations, links/footnotes and other informationshown in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal statusof any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. The citation of works authoredby others does not mean the World Bank endorses the views expressed by those authors or the contentof their works. Nothing herein shall constitute or be construed or considered to be a limitation upon or waiver of theprivileges and immunities of The World Bank, all of which are specifically reserved. Rights and Permissions The material in this work is subject to copyright. Because The World Bank encourages dissemination ofits knowledge, this work may be reproduced, in whole or in part, for noncommercial purposes as longas full attribution to this work is given. Any queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to World BankPublications, The World Bank Group, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2625; e-mail:pubrights@worldbank.org. TABLEOF CONTENTS Abbreviations and Acronymsvi Executive Summary Introduction (i)Understanding AI and its Constituent Technologies7(ii)Divergence in AI Approaches and Adoption7(iii) Citizen Expectations and Government Obligations8(iv) Opportunities and Challenges9(v) Cautionary Tales from Early Adopters11(vi) The Role of Governance for AI Deployment in Public Institutions12 Principles Internationally Recognized AI Principles13 Emerging Practices 16 Practice 1: Establishing Transparent Oversight17Practice 2: Mandating Policy and Guidance22Practice 3: Building the Data Landscape28Practice 4: Securing Technology Infrastructure33 Practice 5: Developing and Acquiring Skills36Practice 6: Investing in Long-Term Outcomes40Practice 7: Involving Citizens and Strategic Partners45 Key Takeaways 49 Bibliography 52 Boxes Box 1: Oversight of AI in Japan’s Public Sector20Box 2: Algorithmic Impact Assessment21Box 3: Rwanda National AI Strategy25Box 4: Canada Federal Public Service AI Strategy26Box 5: Australian Federal Public Service AI Action Plan27Box 6: Singapore’s Public Sector AI Playbook28Box 7: Estonia’s X-Road Platform32Box 8: Kazakhstan’s National Information Technologies Joint Service Center (NITEC)35Box 9: Ireland’s Public Service AI Upskilling Portfolio40Box 10: Canada’s AI Procurement Framework for Public Sector AI44Box 11: European Digital Innovation Hub AI Centers47 Figures Figure 1: AI Preparedness and Income Level9Figure 2: Challenges and Opportunities for AI in Public Institutions11Figure 3: AI Ethical Principles15Figure 4: AI Ethical Principles Explained15Figure 5: Principles to Practice Operationalization Model18Figure 6: Training Gap for Public Service AI Use38 Abbreviations and Acronyms Acknowledgements This paper was prepared by Philip McGrath, Senior Governance Specialist, andAkanksha Baidya, Governance Consultant, under the guidance of Daniel OrtegaNieto, Lead Governance Specialist, and Roby Senderowitsch, Practice Manager.Theteam benefitted from feedback and input from Katherine Wolff Siess,Consultant, Samuel Garoni, Governance Specialist, Reinhard Haslinger, SeniorOperations Officer, and Adrienne Hathaway Nuton, Senior Governance Specialist.The team gratefully acknowledges the advice received from peer reviewers StelaMocan, Practice Manager, Gaurav Nayyar, Director of the 2026 World DevelopmentReport, and Khuram Farooq, Senior Financial Management Specialist, and thevaluable feedback provided by Aart Kraay, Chief Economist (Prosperity) at theWorld Bank. The team wishes to acknowledge contributions to earlier versions ofthe paper by Ben Welby, Consultant, and Ravi Gupta, Consultant. Richard Crabbe,Consultant, provided editorial services and Maria Lopez, Consultant, providedgraphic design services. Thepublication was funded by the GovTech Global Partnership(GTGP)Multi-Donor Trust Fund which is supported by the Finance Ministry of Austria, theMinistry of Economy and Finance of the Republic of Korea, the Ministry of Econ