亚洲及太平洋发展中国家新出现的宏观财政和治理挑战与机遇（英）

Gambhir Bhatta, Dennis Lorne Nacario, and Jose Luis Syquia MARCH 2026 EMERGING MACROFISCALAND GOVERNANCE CHALLENGESAND OPPORTUNITIES IN DEVELOPINGASIA AND THE PACIFIC Gambhir Bhatta, Dennis Lorne Nacario, and Jose Luis Syquia MARCH 2026 Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO license (CC BY 3.0 IGO) © 2026 Asian Development Bank6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong City, 1550 Metro Manila, PhilippinesTel +63 2 8632 4444; Fax +63 2 8636 2444www.adb.org Some rights reserved. Published in 2026 ISBN 978-92-9277-736-4 (print); 978-92-9277-737-1 (PDF); 978-92-9277-738-8 (ebook)Publication Stock No. TCS260103-2DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/TCS260103-2 The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views and policiesof the Asian Development Bank (ADB) or its Board of Governors or the governments they represent. ADB does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility for anyconsequence of their use. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers does not imply that theyare endorsed or recommended by ADB in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. By making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, ADB does notintend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. This publication is available under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO license (CC BY 3.0 IGO)https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/. By using the content of this publication, you agree to be boundby the terms of this license. For attribution, translations, adaptations, and permissions, please read the provisionsand terms of use at https://www.adb.org/terms-use#openaccess. This CC license does not apply to non-ADB copyright materials in this publication. If the material is attributedto another source, please contact the copyright owner or publisher of that source for permission to reproduce it.ADB cannot be held liable for any claims that arise as a result of your use of the material. Please contact pubsmarketing@adb.org if you have questions or comments with respect to content, or if you wishto obtain copyright permission for your intended use that does not fall within these terms, or for permission to usethe ADB logo. Corrigenda to ADB publications may be found at http://www.adb.org/publications/corrigenda. Notes:In this publication, “$” refers to United States dollars, “€” refers to euros, “NRs” refers to Nepalese rupees,and “GEL” refers to lari.ADB recognizes “Vietnam” as Viet Nam. All photos by ADB. Tables, Figures, and Boxes Foreword Part A. Introduction1Background1Scope of Coverage1Methodology2Key Terms and Definitions, Briefly4Strategy 2030, Its Midterm Review, and ADB’s Work on Governance5Structure of the Report7 Part B.Conceptual and Analytical Underpinnings8Policy Sphere and Concept of Information Asymmetry8Results Chain8Strengthening Country Systems10 Part C. Emerging Issues and Challenges in Macrofiscal and Governance Domains17Strengthening Subnational Governance18Enhancing Domestic Resource Mobilization24Improving Public Financial and Public Expenditure Systems32Managing Fiscal Risks49Facilitating Private Sector Development57Maximizing Digitalization for Effective Service Delivery63Focusing on Climate and Disaster Resilience69Institutionalizing Gender Equality and Social Inclusion76Reinforcing Oversight and Accountability, with Extensions to Integrity80 Part D. Pathways for Reforms87Introduction87Narrative on Malgovernance and Downstream Risks87Discussions on the Backdrops to Reform Actions87Vectors and Frames of Actions93Learning from Others95Concluding Remarks96 Appendixes 1Developing Member Countries Covered in the Study982Schematic Flow: Use of Country Systems for Development Effectiveness993Use of Country Systems—Decision Metrics1004Stylized Cross-Interactions in Macrofiscal and Governance Domains1025Collated Notes on Macrofiscal and Governance Reforms in the Pacific Region103 References108 Tables 1Application of Constructs with Respect to Some Public Sector Management Domains9(Stylized Evidence)2Local Governance and Service Delivery—An Approach to Analysis193Proposed Actions on Public Procurement Reforms, Nepal414Attributes of Weak Public Investment Management Systems at Various Stages465Performance of State-Owned Commercial Banks in Bangladesh (2020 and 2024)506Some Tools to Measure Fiscal Risks547Institutional Overload for Public–Private Partnerships in Kazakhstan608Climate and Disaster Resilience and Public Financial Management719Indicators on Climate and Disaster Resilience and Public Expenditure and Fiscal Accountability73Assessment Related to Public Financial Management10Good Practices in Climate-Related Public Expenditure and Financial Accountability7411Sub-Indicators on Gender-Responsive Public Financial Management79in Developing Member Countries12Forms of Anticorruption Age