黄岩岛珊瑚礁生态调查报告

South China Sea Sea Area and Island Center, MNR, ChinaDecember 2025 Contents Abstract..........................................................................................................................11.Overview of natural environment.............................................................................. 32.Summary of the survey..............................................................................................63.The coral reef ecosystemstatusof Huangyan Dao.................................................... 93.1The reef-building coral coverage area on Huangyan Dao reef platformstaying stable.......................................................................................................... 93.2Coral reef ecosystemofHuangyan Daomaintaininghealthy.........................93.3Extensive and lush seagrass distributed in the northern part of the lagoon ofHuangyan Dao..................................................................................................... 144.The coral reef ecosystemstatusofHuangyan Dao National Nature Reserve.........164.1Coral reef ecosystemmaintainingin good condition.................................... 164.2A rich variety of endangered wildlife............................................................175. Threats faced by coral reef ecosystem of Huangyan Dao........................................ 195.1Stress induced by abnormal increase in sea surface temperature..................195.2Stress induced by outbreaks ofcoralpredators.............................................. 205.3Stress induced by tropical cyclones...............................................................215.4Stress and disruption induced by illegal and irresponsibleactivities by certaincountries............................................................................................................... 226.Conclusion............................................................................................................... 25 Abstract HuangyanDao has always been China’s inherent territory.China possessesindisputable sovereignty over Zhongsha Qundao and the adjacent waters includingHuangyan Dao, and has sovereign rights and jurisdiction over the relevant waters.China’ssovereignty and relevant rights over Huangyan Dao are supported byhistorical andsolid legalevidence.In November 2024, China officially announced theterritorial sea baselines of Huangyan Dao. In September 2025, China establishedHuangyan Dao National Nature Reserve. From May to October 2025, South China Sea Ecological Center ofMinistry ofNatural Resources, along with South China Sea Development Research Institute,South China Sea Survey Center,South China Sea Marine Forcast and HazardMitigation Center, BeihaiMarine Center, South China Sea Sea Area and IslandCenter, as well as Nansha Islands Coral Reef Ecosystem National Observation andResearch Station and Technology Innovation Center for South China Sea RemoteSensing, Surveying and Mapping Collaborative Application, conducted asurvey andassessment of the coral reef ecosystem of Huangyan Dao. The assessment methodintegrated historical data analysisand investigations including vessel navigationsurvey,diving investigation,satellite and aerial remote sensing,and in-situobservation. The report indicates the following results. (1) The coral reef ecosystemofHuangyanDao isin an overall healthy condition. A total of 135 species of reef-building coralsbelonging to 36 genera and 13 families are recorded. The hard coral cover ofHuangyan Daoisrelativelyhigh, butwith regional variations.Coral reef fishes andbenthic macro-invertebrates are in large varieties. Furthermore, extensive and lushseagrass is distributed in the northern part of the lagoon of Huangyan Dao,coveringanarea of approximately 1.85 square kilometers. (2)Theaverage hard coral coverofHuangyan Dao National Nature Reserve reachesas high as 38.8%,beingan importantbreeding and habitat area for manyendangered wildlife species, including 94 specieslistedas national first class and second classprotected wildlifesuch asChelonia mydas,Eretmochelys imbricata,Tridacna crocea,Tridacna maxima,Charoniatritonis, andCypraea tigris. Analysis shows that in the 1960s and 1970s, the illegal military activities—such asbomb-dropping exercises—by the Philippines and other relevant countries causedsevere damages to the coral reef of Huangyan Dao. Recently, illegal fishing andfrequent intrusions by the Philippines have caused a great stress on the ecosystem.The abnormal increase in sea surface temperature caused by global climate changeand the attacks by tropical cyclones, have also imposed adverse effects on theecosystem. In addition, Huangyan Dao faces the potential riskoffurther degradationcaused byoutbreaks ofAcanthastersolaris. After the establishment of Huangyan Dao National Nature Reserve, strict protectionmeasures and necessary ecological restoration efforts will be implemented to helpmaintain and enhance the diversit