人工智能对教育公平与包容性的潜在影响

THE POTENTIALIMPACT OF ARTIFICIAL OECD ARTIFICIALINTELLIGENCE PAPERS 2EDU/WKP(2024)15 OECD EDUCATION WORKING PAPERS SERIES OECD Working Papers should not be reported as representing the official views of the OECD or of its member Working Papers describe preliminary results or research in progress by the author(s) and are published tostimulate discussion on a broad range of issues on which the OECD works. Comments on Working Papers This document, as well as any data and map included herein, are without prejudice to the status of orsovereignty over anyterritory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name The use of this work, whether digital or print, is governed by the Terms and Conditions to be found athttp://www.oecd.org/termsandconditions. Comment on the series is welcome, and should be sent toedu.contact@oecd.org. This working paper has been authorised by Andreas Schleicher, Director of the Directorate for Education www.oecd.org/edu/workingpapers Acknowledgements This working paper was prepared as part of the OECDEducation for Inclusive Societiesproject. Theauthorswould like to thank Hannah Borhan,Lucie Cerna,Shivi Chandra,Marc Fuster Rabella,PauloSantiagoandQuentin Vidal for their valuable feedback and comments. Thanks toEdaCabbarand Abstract This working paperreviewsthe impact of artificial intelligence (AI) on equity and inclusion in education,focusing on learner-centred, teacher-led and other institutional AI tools. It highlights the potential of AI in,e.g.adaptinglearning while also addressing challenges such as access issues, inherent biases and theneed for comprehensive teacher training. The paper emphasises the importance of balancing the potentialbenefits of AI with ethical considerations and the risk of exacerbating existing disparities. It highlights the Table of contents Acknowledgements Abstract 1 Introduction7 2 Definitions, guidelines andconceptualisations Definitions of artificial intelligence, equity and inclusionGuidelines and frameworks related to artificial intelligence in educationTaxonomy to analyse the impact of artificial intelligence on equity and inclusion in education Opportunities of learner-centred AI tools for equity and inclusionChallenges of learner-centred AI tools for equity and inclusion 4 Teacher-led tools to support equity and inclusion Opportunities of teacher-led tools for equity and inclusionChallenges of teacher-led tools for equity and inclusion 5 Other institutional tools that canfoster equity and inclusion34Opportunities of institutional tools for equity andinclusion34Challenges of institutional tools for equity and inclusion35 37 6 Conclusions Embracing the potential for adaptive learning while addressing privacy, ethical andaccountability issuesRecognising the potential to enhance cultural responsiveness while keeping in mind inherentbiasesBalancing the potential for accessibility with challenges such as techno-ableism and impact onsocio-emotional skills 6EDU/WKP(2024)15 Tables Table2.1. Conceptualising equity andinclusion regarding digital technologies in educationTable2.2. AI techniques and technologiesTable2.3. Taxonomy of AI tools in educationTable4.1. Teacher activities and AI Figures Figure2.1. Definitions of equity and inclusion in educationFigure3.1. Quantity and quality of digital resources by socio-economic profile of schools (2022)Figure4.1. Continuing professional learning needs by school characteristics (2018) Boxes Box3.1. Algorithmic biasesBox4.1. Aspects of teaching that AI could support 1 Introduction Artificialintelligence (AI) has sparked transformative possibilities in many facets of human life in the currentera of rapid technological advancement. AI tools continue to make headlines, while critiques also emerge,citing algorithmic biases, privacyconcerns, accountability issues,implications for equity and inclusion,andothers.As a general-purpose technology,AIis expected to transform and is alreadychanginga wide rangeof areas, fromadvertising, agriculture,andcriminal justice,through education,finance,health,marketing, AI might also have profound impacts on education systems, including on equity and inclusion.Therefore,thisworking paperdelvesintosome debates around the connection betweenAI,equityandinclusionineducation.Byexploringtheopportunities andchallengesthat arise as AItoolsreshape the educational To this end, the working paper has three objectives. First, it aims to provide policy makers with acategorisation of AI tools that can support equity and inclusion in education. FollowingHolmes andTuomi(2022[2]),the AI tools have been categorisedinto learner-centred, teacher-led, and other institutional Second, in categorising the AI tools and providing examples, the working paper aims to highlight that AIsolutions in various areas already exist, there is demand for them and they are likely already being usedby educational institutions across OECD countries.New AI tool