全球合作促进包容性和公平的人工智能

Global collaboration forinclusive and equitableartificial intelligence K E Y P O I N T S Recent advances in artificial intelligence have been dominated by multinationaltechnology giants. At the same time, rapid development and widespreaddiffusion have often outpaced the ability of Governments to respond to andsteer artificial intelligence towards inclusive and equitable development. Current international governance efforts remain fragmented and led by ahandful of countries. In order for the governance of artificial intelligence tobe inclusive and effective, it should actively engage developing countries,in particular the least developed countries. Establishing an artificial intelligence public disclosure mechanism, drawingfrom experiences related to the environmental, social and governance(ESG) reporting framework, could help enhance accountability and ensurethat global commitments lead to tangible outcomes. Such a mechanism, combined with international collaboration in developingshared digital public infrastructures, open innovation and capacity-buildinginitiatives, can help foster inclusive and equitable artificial intelligencedevelopment. Artificial intelligence can be deployed virtually anywhere, extending itsinfluence across borders. Yet its development is largely driven by a fewtechnology leaders. Governments therefore need to establish policiesensuring that its development serves the public interest and benefits all.International artificial intelligence governance initiatives are directed bydeveloped countries, while many developing countries, despite havingsignificantstakes in the future of artificial intelligence,have limitedinfluence over its trajectory. There is a risk that such an imbalance mayundermine the legitimacy and effectiveness of global governance andhinder efforts to promote artificial intelligence as a global public good. An inclusive and multi-stakeholder approach is essential in order toensure that artificial intelligence is accessible and beneficial for everyone,while fostering innovation to advance sustainable development. Ensuringbenefitsfor all while fostering innovation requires incorporatingaccountability mechanisms into global artificial intelligence governance,toalign its development with shared goals and values.In addition,internationalcooperation is critical,particularly with regard to thethree key drivers of artificial intelligence transformation, namely, digitalinfrastructure, data and skills.1 Dominance of multinational technology giants The private sector has long driven technological innovation, but its current levelof understanding of and control over artificial intelligence is unprecedented. Thedominance of multinational technology leaders is significant and may be consideredan oligopoly due to the concentration of market power and ongoing efforts to remainat the frontier, by investing in startups or acquiring innovative firms that offer cutting-edge technology and expertise. For example, in 2014, Alphabet acquired DeepMind, a research laboratory based in the United Kingdom United Kingdom of GreatBritain and Nothern Ireland, leading in the field of deep reinforcement learning, whichdeveloped the first programme that defeated a world Go champion in 2016; and,in 2019, Microsoft formed a partnership with OpenAI, which developed ChatGPT[generative pre-trained transformer] and, in 2022, acquired, for over $19 billion,of Nuance Communications, a company that specializes in large-scale speechapplications and supported the development of the Siri voice assistant of Apple.In addition, through interactions with users and digital devices, technology leadersare building up increasingly large and valuable data sets, enabling them to extendcompetitive advantages beyond core business areas. The leading frontier technology providers are among the largest corporations in theworld by market capitalization (figure 1). At end-2024, Apple, Nvidia and Microsofteach had a market capitalization of over $3 trillion, comparable to the grossdomestic product (GDP) of the African continent or that of the United Kingdom,the world’s sixth largest economy.2Notably, nearly all of the global top 10 listedcompanies are making substantial investments in artificial intelligence. Figure 1Market dominance of technology leaders: Top 10 listed companies in the world by market capitalization, end-2024 (Trillions of dollars) Private companies dominate investment in artificial intelligence, with global industryspending exceeding $340 billion in 2021, outpacing public funding. By contrast,agencies of the United States of America Government (excluding the Department ofDefense) invested $1.5 billion and the European Commission invested $1.1 billion.3The Government of China has increased support to artificial intelligence-relatedfirms through various State-backed initiatives that have amounted to $210 billionover the past decade.4In addition, private firms attract most of the leading talent;the shar