外国直接投资、全球价值链和劳动力市场

Authors / Christoph Ernst, Gabriel Michelena, Pablo Bertin © International Labour Organization 2026 Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International. See:https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The user is allowed to reuse, share (copy and redistrib-ute), adapt (remix, transform and build upon the original work) as detailed in the licence. Theuser must clearly credit the ILO as the source of the material and indicate if changes were made Attribution– The user must indicate if changes were made and must cite the work as follows:Ernst, C., Michelena, G., Bertin, P.FDI, global value chains and labour markets. ILO Working Paper160. Geneva: International Labour Office, 2026.© ILO. Translations– In case of a translation of this work, the following disclaimer must be added along with the attribution:This is a translation of a copyrighted work of the International LabourOrganization (ILO). This translation has not been prepared, reviewed or endorsed by the ILO and shouldnot be considered an official ILO translation. The ILO disclaims all responsibility for its content and ac- Adaptations– In case of an adaptation of this work, the following disclaimer must be addedalong with the attribution:This is an adaptation of a copyrighted work of the International LabourOrganization (ILO). This adaptation has not been prepared, reviewed or endorsed by the ILO and should Third-party materials– This Creative Commons licence does not apply to non-ILO copyright ma-terials included in this publication. If the material is attributed to a third party, the user of such Any dispute arising under this licence that cannot be settled amicably shall be referred to arbitra-tion in accordance with the Arbitration Rules of the United Nations Commission on International For details on rights and licensing, contact:rights@ilo.org. For details on ILO publications anddigital products, visit:www.ilo.org/publns. ISBN 9789220427750 (print), ISBN 9789220427767 (web PDF), ISBN 9789220427774 (epub), ISBN9789220427781 (html). ISSN 2708-3438 (print), ISSN 2708-3446 (digital) https://doi.org/10.54394/EHHR7964 The designations employed in ILO publications, which are in conformity with United Nationspractice, and the presentation of material therein do not imply the expression of any opinion or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. See:www.ilo.org/disclaimer. The opinions and views expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not nec-essarily reflect the opinions, views or policies of the ILO. Reference to names of firms and commercial products and processes does not imply their en-dorsement by the ILO, and any failure to mention a particular firm, commercial product or pro- Information on ILO publications and digital products can be found at:www.ilo.org/research-and-publications ILO Working Papers summarize the results of ILO research in progress, and seek to stimulatediscussion of a range of issues related to the world of work. Comments on this ILO Working Paperare welcome and can be sent toernst@ilo.org. Authorization for publication: Mito Tsukamoto, Chief, EMPINVEST ILO Working Papers can be found at:www.ilo.org/research-and-publications/working-papers Suggested citation:Ernst, C., Michelena, G., Bertin, P. 2026.FDI, global value chains and labour markets, ILO Working Paper 160 (Geneva, ILO).https://doi.org/10.54394/EHHR7964 Abstract Foreign direct investment and the activities of multinational enterprises play an essential role inshaping employment outcomes, particularly in developing and emerging economies. With glo-balization and the expansion of global value chains, understanding how FDI influences labourmarkets has become increasingly relevant. This paper quantifies the global employment sup-ported by foreign affiliates, examining both direct and indirect effects across regions and sec-tors. Our estimates suggest that foreign MNEs supported around 125 million jobs worldwide by The contribution of this paper lies in two main areas. First, it provides a consistent global estimateof employment associated with MNEs by combining firm-level datasets with ILO labour statistics.Second, it provides evidence about the heterogeneity of employment effects across regions andsectors: while the European Union, China, North America, and East Asia account for the largest About the authors Gabriel Nicholas Michelenaholds a Ph.D from the University of Buenos Aires and works andcurrently at MESI-IIEP,Universidad de Buenos Aires Pablo BertinMESI-IIEP, Universidad de Buenos Aires Christoph Ernstholds a Ph.D. from the University of Paris 1 and is Lead of the Investment,Sectoral Strategies and Transitions Team of the EMPINVEST Branch, ILO. Table of contents List of Figures Figure 1: Structure of the multi-regional input-output matrix OECDFigure 2: FDI flows in US$ billions and as per cent of GDP (%)