比利时新冠肺炎大流行及其后果期间的就业保留支持评估

An Assessment of JobRetention Support Duringthe COVID‑19 Pandemicand its Aftermath in Belgium This work is published under the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD. The opinions expressed andarguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of the Member countries of the OECD. This document, as well as any data and map included herein, are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty overany territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. ISBN 978-92-64-68742-4 (print)ISBN 978-92-64-54432-1 (PDF)ISBN 978-92-64-45998-4 (HTML) Photo credits:Cover © Andrii Yalanskyi/Shutterstock.com. Corrigenda to OECD publications may be found at: https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/support/corrigenda.html.© OECD 2026 Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)This work is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International licence. By using this work, you accept to be bound by the terms of this licence(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).Attribution– you must cite the work.Translations– you must cite the original work, identify changes to the original and add the following text:In the event of any discrepancy between the original work and thetranslation, only the text of the original work should be considered valid.Adaptations– you must cite the original work and add the following text:This is an adaptation of an original work by the OECD. The opinions expressed and arguments employed inthis adaptation should not be reported as representing the official views of the OECD or of its Member countries.Third-party material– the licence does not apply to third-party material in the work. If using such material, you are responsible for obtaining permission from the third party and forany claims of infringement.You must not use the OECD logo, visual identity or cover image without express permission or suggest the OECD endorses your use of the work.Any dispute arising under this licence shall be settled by arbitration in accordance with the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) Arbitration Rules 2012. The seat of arbitration shallbe Paris (France). The number of arbitrators shall be one. Foreword This report provides an in-depth assessment of job retention support during the pandemic and its aftermathin Belgium.Itprovides threemain contributions: i)a systematic comparison of the job retention scheme inBelgium with that of other OECD countries based on a new synthetic indicator of job retention support;ii)an empirical assessment of the role of institutional design for the use of job retentionsupport; and iii)anempirical evaluation of the effectiveness of job retention schemes in preservingjobs. Based on thesecontributions, it offers practical guidance for policymakers to inform the refinement of job retention supportfor the future. Acknowledgements This report was written by Jonas Fluchtmann and Alexander Hijzen (OECD, Jobs and Income Division)under the leadership of Stefano Scarpetta (OECD, Director of ELS) and Mark Pearson (OECD, Deputy-Director of ELS) and supervised by Stéphane Carcillo (OECD, Head of the Jobs and Incomes Division).Agnès Puymoyen (OECD, Jobs and Income Division) provided statistical assistance and Hanna Varkki(OECD, ELS) provided editorial support and prepared the report for publication. We are grateful for helpful comments and suggestions from Tom Bevers, Ann Coenen, Lieve Rams (FPSEmployment, Labour and Social Dialogue), Michiel Segaert, Marthe Didier, Nathalie Nuyts (ONEM / RVA),Yves Saks (National Bank of Belgium), Jarmila Botev (OECD Economics Directorate), as well asparticipants of the OECD Working Party on Employment onthe 9th ofNovember 2025. We are furthergrateful to Chris Brijs and Vivien Gain (KSZ / BCSS) for ensuring access to Belgian matched administrativedata. The OECDgratefully acknowledges the financial support by FPS Employment, Labour and SocialDialogue. Table of contents 3 Foreword Acknowledgements Executive summary 1 Overview and recommendations 1.1. Introduction1.2. Key findings of the report1.3. Recommendations for the temporary unemployment schemeReferencesNotes 1011131516 2 Job retention support in Belgium through the COVID-19 pandemic In Brief182.1. Introduction182.2. An overview of job retention support inBelgium192.3. Take-up of job retention support in Belgium232.4. Labour market reallocation during the COVID-19 pandemic32References36Notes38 3 The Belgian job retention scheme in OECD perspective41 In Brief423.1. Introduction423.2. The Belgian job retention scheme in OECD perspective433.3. Determinants of job retention scheme take-up533.4. Employment effects of job retention support59References64Notes65 Annex A. Additional Tables 66 FIGURES Figure2.1. The force-majeure scheme effectively replaced that foreconomic reasons during the pandemic23Figure2.2. Temporary unemployment was concentrated in a handful of sectors25Fig