社会保护格局与前景：埃及制度与改革的全面国家审查 第1版

Comprehensivenational review ofthe system andreforms of Egypt Edition 1 Vision ESCWA, an innovative catalystfor a stable, just and flourishingArab region. Mission Committed to the 2030 Agenda,ESCWA’s passionate team producesinnovative knowledge, fostersregional consensus and deliverstransformational policy advice. Together, we work for a sustainablefuture for all. Social protectionlandscapeand perspectives Comprehensivenational review ofthe system andreforms of Egypt Edition 1 © 2025 United Nations All rights reserved worldwide Photocopies and reproductions of excerpts are allowed with proper credits. All queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should beaddressed to the United Nations Economic and Social Commission forWestern Asia (ESCWA), email:publications-escwa@un.org. The findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed in thispublication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect theviews of the United Nations or its officials or Member States. The designations employed and the presentation of material in thispublication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever onthe part of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country,territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation ofits frontiers or boundaries. Links contained in this publication are provided for the convenience ofthe reader and are correct at the time of issue. The United Nations takesno responsibility for the continued accuracy of that information or for thecontent of any external website. References have, wherever possible, been verified. Mention of commercial names and products does not imply theendorsement of the United Nations. References to dollars ($) are to United States dollars, unless otherwise stated. Symbols of United Nations documents are composed of capital letterscombined with figures. Mention of such a symbol indicates a referenceto a United Nations document. United Nations publication issued by ESCWA, United Nations House,Riad El Solh Square, P.O. Box: 11–8575, Beirut, Lebanon. Website:www.unescwa.org. Cover photo: ©Ministry of Social Solidarity Acknowledgements The report was drafted in accordance with the “Social protection landscapesand perspectives: Comprehensive national reviews of the systems andreforms of ESCWA member countries - Template for authors” developedby the Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA) incollaboration with the International Policy Centre for Inclusive Growth (IPC-IG). •Authors: Raafat Shaafek from the Ministry of Social Solidarity (MoSS),Anton Bjork from ESCWA, and Franziska Salem from the EconomicPolicy Research Institute (EPRI). •Coordinators and Technical Support Providers: Marco Schaefer,Mona Fattah, Harald Braumann, Xingyi Zhou and Majdoline Halawifrom the Social Protection Team at ESCWA. •Contributors: Dina Sairafi, Medhat Abdelrasheed and Reem El Balshyfrom MoSS. Preksha Golchha, Luca Lazzarini, Sara Zaidi, Sara Abdulrehim, NohaElMaghraby, Noha Omar, Faten Elbarkuki, Karim Stephan and JoseGiarola from EPRI. National entities included, but were not limited to, the NationalOrganization for Social Insurance, the Ministry of Manpower, theMinistry of Planning and Economic Development, the Ministry ofFinance, the Ministry of Supply and Internal Trading, the Ministry ofHousing, Utilities and Urban Communities, and the Ministry of Labour. International organizations included the International LabourOrganization (ILO), the World Bank, and the United Nations Children’sFund (UNICEF). Other contributing organizations and experts include the SawirisFoundation for Social Development, Heba El-Laithy, Sherine AlShawarby, Ghada Barsoum, Mervat Sabreen and Ashish Joshi. •Production: The Conference Management Section at ESCWA. Foreword In the recent decade, Egypt has undertaken considerable and wide-reachingreforms across economic and social domains. It consolidated its economyand laid the groundwork for sustainable growth. These reforms have, amongstother things, included phasing out universal subsidies and promotingmarketmechanisms. In this context, Egypt has also taken major steps to strengthen and expandits social protection system, in particular by introducing conditional andunconditional cash transfers, unifying the social insurance system, deepeningand broadening its economic empowerment landscape, and ushering ina universal health insurance regime. Those efforts reflect the EgyptianGovernment’s recognition of social protection as a right. At the same-time, Egypt, like other countries around the world, has been stronglyaffected by recent global events, like the Covid-19 crisis and the outbreak ofconflict in Ukraine, which caused food prices to hike, as well as by the morerecent uncertainty surrounding trade, which has had ramifications around theworld. Moreover, regional developments, like the conflicts in Gaza and theSudan, have likewise impacted the country’s e