欧洲和中亚的水资源去能源化：管理该地区供水服务的能源足迹

Managing theEnergy Footprintof Water Servicesin the Region De-Energizing Waterin Europe and Central Asia Managing the Energy Footprint of Water Services in the Region © 2025 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development /International Development Association or The World Bank1818 H Street NWWashington DC 20433Telephone: 202-473-1000Internet:www.worldbank.org This report is a product of the staff of The World Bank, with external contributions. The findings,interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this volume do not necessarily reflect the views of TheWorld Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. Rights and Permissions The material in this work is subject to copyright. Because The World Bankencourages dissemination of its knowledge, this work may be reproduced, in whole or in part, fornon-commercial purposes as long as full attribution to the work is given. Attribution—Please cite the work as follows: “World Bank. 2025. De-Energizing Water in Europe andCentral Asia: Managing the Energy Footprint of Water Services in the Region. © World Bank.” For permission to reproduce any part of this work for commercial purposes, please send a requestwith complete information to the Copyright Clearance Center Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers,MA 01923, USA; telephone: 978-750-8400; fax: 978-750-4470; Internet: www.copyright.com. All other queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to theOffice of the Publisher, The World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2422; e-mail: pubrights@worldbank.org. table of Contents viiiAcknowledgmentsixAbout GWSPxRegional ClassificationUsed in This ReportxiExecutive Summary 2The Water–Energy Nexus3Scope and Organization of this Report the Energy Footprint of Water Usein Europe and Central Asia 5Energy Requirementsof Delivering Water Services6Water supply and sanitation utilities7Irrigated agriculture9Drivers of Energy Consumptionin Water Services9Primary drivers12Structural factors13Conclusion: Assessing Challengesand Opportunities in the Region 14the Challenges of De-Energizing Water Services in Europe andCentral Asia 15Improving Energy Efficiency15Improving pumping efficiency17Improving treatment efficiency18The energy requirements of modernizing infrastructure20Improving Water Use Efficiency20Curbing distribution losses in water supply systems22Increasing irrigation efficiency and improving agricultural water management23Domestic water use and water heating requirements24Getting Prices Right24Pricing water services for water users27Pricing energy for water services28Planning and Coordination28Planning legacies and path dependencies34Making decisions under uncertainty35Accounting for the effects of climate changeon water availability38Coordinating water and energy regulation41Conclusion: Interdependenciesand Feedback Loops List of figures 5Figure 2.1Estimated share of total primary energy consumption for water use,by region6Figure 2.2Average energy intensity of water utilities, 2000–2020, by subregion in Europe and Central Asia and globally7Figure 2.3Average share of utility electricity consumption spent on water supply and wastewater, 2000–2020, by sub-region of Europe and Central Asia and globally8Figure 2.4Energy use for irrigated agriculture in Europe and Central Asiaand rest of the world9Figure 2.5Key energy-consuming processes in the cycle of water service delivery11Figure 2.6Electricity consumed and volume of water produced across utilitiesin Europe and Central Asia18Figure 3.1Correlation between energy intensity of wastewater managementand proportion of wastewater receivingtertiary treatment21Figure 3.2Correlation between energy efficiency and share of non-revenue water31Figure 3.3Comparing key metrics for water utilities in Europe and Central Asiaand in the rest of the world32Figure 3.4Comparing key metrics for irrigation in Europe and Central Asiaand in the rest of the world34Figure 3.5Energy intensity of wastewater treatment in selected countries35Figure 3.6Changes in energy prices, by region, 2005-2336Figure 3.7Daily temperature and water production in select cities of Serbia37Figure 3.8Emissions intensity of water utilities in Europe and Central Asiaand other regions, 2000–202043Figure 4.1Asset management cycle48Figure 4.2Average energy intensity of alternative technologies for treating wastewater50Fig. B4.1.1Energy consumed and generated by Sofia’s wastewater treatment plant, 2004–2018 List of tables 26Tab. B3.1.1Tariffs for irrigation services in Central Asian countries, 201928Table 3.1Fossil fuel subsidies in Central Asia, 2010 and 202229Table 3.2Population densities in cities in low- and middle-income, by region33Tab. B.3.2.1Maximum allowable concentrations of selected substances in surface water sources in selected countries(mg/liter)47Table 4.1Potential energy savings in a typical Polish wastewater treatment plant74Table 5.1Traffic-light as