海湾经济更新，2025年12月：海湾的数字化转型——经济多样化的强大引擎（英）2025
The Guf’s DigitaTrasformon:A Powerfu E ginefor EconomicDiversificaon December2025Public Disclosure Authorized AUTHORS Ashwaq Naq MaseehAndrea BroneAnil Gra pp Din RichniMohmed Ahed AshouSibel K lksiz © 2025 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank 1818 H Street NW Washington DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpretations,and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Exec-utive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy, completeness, or currency of the data included in this workand does not assume responsibility for any errors, omissions, or discrepancies in the information, or liabilitywith respect to the use of or failure to use the information, methods, processes, or conclusions set forth. Theboundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judg-ment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or accep-tance of such boundaries. Nothing herein shall constitute or be construed or considered to be a limitation upon or waiver of the privilegesand immunities of The World Bank, all of which are specifically reserved. Rights and Permissions The material in this work is subject to copyright. Because The World Bank encourages dissemination of itsknowledge, this work may be reproduced, in whole or in part, for noncommercial purposes as long as full attri-bution to this work is given. Any queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to World Bank Publications,The World Bank Group, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2625; e-mail: pubrights@worldbank.org. Cover photos courtesy of:https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/confident-saudi-man-working-on-laptop-2619820613?trackin-gId=c38ba706-8811-4a34-9339-45cc559cb7cchttps://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/distance-learning-cute-little-home-schooler-1880320216 Further permission required for reuse.Publication design and layout by Muhammad Kamal & Mikael Jonathan Bima Nainggolan. Acronyms Preface The Gulf Economic Update (GEU) is the product ofthe Fiscal Policy and Growth unit for the Middle East,North Africa, Afghanistan & Pakistan region at theWorld Bank Group. It provides an update on key eco-nomic developments and policies in the Gulf Coop-eration Council (GCC) countries, places them in alonger-term and global context and assesses the im-plications of these developments and other changes inpolicy on the outlook for the GCC. Its coverage rangesfrom the macroeconomy to financial markets to indica-tors of human welfare and development. It is intendedfor a wide audience, including policymakers, businessleaders, financial market participants, and the commu-nity of analysts and professionals engaged in the GCC. bor market. Chapter 2 was prepared by Ashwaq NatiqMaseeh, Hoda Youssef, Mohamed Ahmed MahmoudAshour, Muhammad Khudadad Chattha, Sibel Kulak-siz, and Yacine Ouahioune. Lars Jessen provided im-portant inputs on Box 2. Chapter 3 (Special Focus) wasprepared by Andrea Barone, Anila Graupp, Dina Richaniand Samia Melhem, with contributions from AlbatoolAbu Hashem, Amal Alawdah, Dhari Alsaleh, Nazih Jabrand Tania Priscilla Begazo Gomez. The design and type-setting of the report were done by Muhammad Kamaland Mikael Jonathan Bima Nainggolan. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressedin this report are those of the World Bank staff and do notnecessarily reflect the views of the Executive Board of TheWorld Bank or the governments they represent. The edition of the report was prepared by a team ledby Muhammad Khudadad Chattha, Hoda Youssef andSamia Melhem under guidance from Safaa Tayeb El Ko-gali (Division Director), Jasmin Chakeri (Practice Man-ager) and Sylvia Solf (Practice Manager). Chapter 1 wasprepared by Hoda Youssef with contributions fromAshwaq Natiq Maseeh, Mohamed Ahmed MahmoudAshour, Muhammad Khudadad Chattha, Sibel Kulaksizand Yacine Ouahioune. Hadil Tlijani provided excellentresearch assistance. Aziz Atamanov, Gabriel Zaourakand Paola Ortega provided important inputs on the la- For questions and comments on the content of this pub-lication, please contact Muhammad Khudadad Chattha(mchattha@worldbank.org). For media communication,please contact Ashraf Al-Saeed (aalsaeed@worldbank.org), and Saleh Alobaidi (salobaidi@worldbank.org).For information about the World Bank and its activitiesin the GCC, including e-copies of this publication, pleasevisit (www.worldbank.org/en/country/gcc). Tableofcontents Acronyms��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
