加强亚太地区的护理教育和培训（英）

KEY POINTS Enhancing Nursing Educationand Training in Asia and the Pacific •Quality health care requiresinnovation in infrastructure,medical products, systemreform, and humanresources. Investing in nurses’training and professionaldevelopment is crucialgiven their central role inhealth care. Jina OhTechnical Assistant, Professor,Registered NurseCollege of Nursing, Inje UniversityRepublic of Korea Xiang Lian WuResearch Coordinator, Masterof Science in Nursing,Registered NurseDepartment of Nursing, GraduateSchool, Inje UniversityRepublic of Korea •Accreditation of nursinginstitutions and the nationallicensure examination fornurses (NLEN) is vital toensuring quality health care.The Philippines has the mostestablished NLEN systemamong the five countriesdiscussed in this brief. Theothers—Bangladesh, theLao People’s DemocraticRepublic, Sri Lanka, andViet Nam—are makingprogress, with some still inthe early stages of developingtheir own systems. Nahyun KimEducation SpecialistHuman and Social Development SectorOffice, Sectors Department 3Asian Development Bank EVOLVING CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIESIN HEALTH CARE AND NURSING EDUCATION Across Asia and the Pacific, economies at all levels of development are striving foruniversal health coverage (UHC) and better health outcomes.1Yet few have madesignificant progress in improving health service coverage. As of 2023, 108 out of194 WHO member states recorded either a decline or no meaningful change in UHCsince the launch of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in 2015.2 •Indicators and focusgroup interviews showlow nurse-to-populationratios and the migrationof English-proficient nursesto high-income economies,highlighting the urgent needto improve salaries andworking conditions. Notes: In this publication, “$” refers to United States dollars. ADB recognizes “Korea” and “Korean” asthe and/or from the Republic of Korea and “Vietnam” as Viet Nam. This brief is the outcome of a studyunder ADB technical assistance project TA-6574: Enhancement of Nursing Education and Trainingin Asia and the Pacific. It also benefited from review, contributions, and feedback from Shin-JeongKim, professor, Hallym University; Ashoka Abeynayaka, principal, Post Basic College of Nursing; andcolleagues from Sectors Group, Sectors Department 3, ADB: Karin Schelzig, director, Human andSocial Development; Rui Liu, senior health specialist, Bangladesh Resident Mission; Sonalini Khetrapal,senior health specialist, India Resident Mission; Alexander Tsironis, education specialist; MathidaThonseng, senior social sector officer, Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Lao PDR) Resident Mission;Vinh Ngo, social sector specialist, Viet Nam Resident Mission; and Herathbanda Jayasundara, seniorsocial development officer, Sri Lanka Resident Mission. •It is important to addressresource and infrastructuregaps for training and retainingnursing professionals andstrengthen policies foraccreditation systems. 1World Health Organization (WHO). 2024.World Health Statistics 2024: Monitoring Health for theSustainable Development Goals.2WHO, International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, and World Bank. 2023.TrackingUniversal Health Coverage: 2023 Global Monitoring Report. ISBN 978-92-9277-534-6 (print)ISBN 978-92-9277-535-3 (PDF)ISSN 2071-7202 (print)ISSN 2218-2675 (PDF)Publication Stock No. BRF250482DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/BRF250482 Other key indexes, such as the Human Development Index,health expenditure, service utilization rates, and core indicators,such as maternal mortality ratios and infant mortality rates, showpersistent disparities in health-related factors. The United NationsDevelopment Programme Human Development Report 2023notes that Human Development Index scores vary widely acrossthe region, with low- and lower-middle-income economies laggingin health-related components.3These patterns highlight enduringgaps in service quality, equality, and outcomes. Limited financial and teaching resources along with outdatedcurricula and facilities hinder the ability of the nursing workforceto adapt to the evolving international health care environment. STRAINS AND CRISESIN HEALTH CARE SYSTEMS Weak Health Outcomes and InsufficientHealth Spending Addressing these systemic challenges requires strengtheningthe health workforce. This applies particularly to nursing, thelargest occupational group, which represents about 59% of theglobal health workforce. Nurses are pivotal to advancing UHCby providing essential services, promoting health, preventingdisease, and ensuring patient safety. However, the current nursingworkforce is insufficient to meet UHC and SDG targets. Nearly78% of nurses work in locations representing just 49% of theglobal population. High-income economies, with only 17% of thepopulation, employ 46% of all nurses, leaving many low-resourcesettings critically underserved.4Strengthening nursing is thereforeessential to closing coverage gaps and improving health outcomes. Life expectanc