政府一瞥：东南亚2025

Government at a Glance:Southeast Asia2025 For the OECD, this work is published under the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD. The opinionsexpressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of the Member countries of theOECD. For ADB, the views expressed in this publication are those of the ADB authors and do not necessarily reflect the viewsand policies of ADB or its Board of Governors or the governments they represent. The names and representation of countries and territories used in this joint publication follow the practice of the OECD. This document, as well as any data and map included herein, are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty overany territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. ADB and the OECD do not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accept no responsibilityfor any consequence of their use. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers does not imply thatthey are endorsed or recommended by ADB or the OECD in preference to others of a similar nature that are notmentioned. Specific territorial disclaimers applicable to the OECD: The statistical data for Israel are supplied by and under the responsibility of the relevant Israeli authorities. The use ofsuch data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements inthe West Bank under the terms of international law. Specific territorial disclaimers applicable to the ADB:ADB recognises “China” as the “People’s Republic of China” and “Korea” as the “Republic of Korea”. Please cite this publication as:OECD/ADB (2025),Government at a Glance: Southeast Asia 2025, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/bc89cb32-en. ISBN 978-92-64-46614-2 (print)ISBN 978-92-64-31534-1 (PDF)ISBN 978-92-64-57451-9 (HTML) Photo credits:Cover © joyfull/Shutterstock.com. Corrigenda to OECD publications may be found at: https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/support/corrigenda.html.© OECD/ADB 2025 Attribution 3.0 IGO (CC BY 3.0 IGO) This work is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO licence. By using this work, you accept to be bound by the terms of this licence(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/).Attribution– you must cite the work. Translations– you must cite the original work, identify changes to the original and add the following text:In the event of any discrepancy between the original work and thetranslation, only the text of original work should be considered valid. Adaptations– you must cite the original work and add the following text:This is an adaptation of an original work by the OECD and the ADB. The opinions expressed and argumentsemployed in this adaptation should not be reported as representing the official views of the OECD or of its Member countries or of the ADB, its Board of Governors or the governmentsthey represent. Third-party material– the licence does not apply to third-party material in the work. If using such material, you are responsible for obtaining permission from the third party and forany claims of infringement. You must not use the OECD’s or ADB’s respective logo, visual identity or cover image without express permission or suggest the OECD or ADB endorse your use of the work.Any dispute arising under this licence shall be settled by arbitration in accordance with the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) Arbitration Rules 2012. The seat of arbitration shallbe Paris (France). The number of arbitrators shall be one. Preface Southeastasia has achieved remarkable development gains over recent decades, with strongeconomic growth improving livelihoods and expanding access to essential services. Driven by tradeliberalisation, infrastructure investments and their young populations, countries in the region haveemerged as dynamic engines of global growth.investments in health, education and public serviceshave advanced wellbeing, and governments in the region demonstrated resilience in responding torecent crises, such as thecoviD-19 pandemic. Sustaining this progress will require further improvingthe resilience and transparency of public institutions to better support the management of the region’sevolving fiscal, social, environmental and technological challenges — from public debt pressures tothe digital transition and climate resilience. theorganisation foreconomicco-operation and Development (oecD) and theasian DevelopmentBank (aDB) are proud to support Southeastasian countries on this journey through the jointsecond edition of the Government at a Glance: Southeastasia report.this report brings together thecomplementary strengths of the two institutions: theoecD’s global expertise in governance standardsand best practices, andaDB’s deep knowledge and operational experience in strengthening governanceand institutional capacity acrossasia and t