电价对中重型汽车充电成本和负荷的影响

Beia Spiller, Ruolin Zhang, Elizabeth B. Stein, Eleftheria Kontou,and Alexander Yoshizumi About the Authors Beia Spilleris a fellow and the director for RFF’s Transportation Program. Prior to joiningRFF, she was Lead Senior Economist at Environmental Defense Fund (EDF), where sheworked for almost a decade. She was also a Board member for the Association ofEnvironmental and Resource Economists through 2024. Spiller is an energy economist,with experience working on electricity and transportation issues. During her time at EDF, Ruolin Zhangis a Transportation Analyst at Kittelson & Associates and a PhD candidatein Transportation Engineering at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Shespecializes in sustainable transportation systems planning and operations, with researchfocused on electric vehicle (EV) infrastructure planning, charging management, andpolicy analysis. Her work integrates data-driven modeling, optimization, and spatial Elizabeth B. Steinis the State Policy Director at the Institute for Policy Integrity at NewYork University School of Law. Her work centers on state utility commission advocacyrelating to electric and gas system decarbonization, electrification of end uses,sustainable rate design for the energy transition, and accurate accounting for energy Eleftheria Kontouis an assistant professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering at theUniversity of Illinois Urbana-Champaign. Her research focuses on sustainable andelectrified transportation systems planning and management. Kontou was a postdoctoralresearch associate at the Transportation and Hydrogen Systems Center of the National Alexander Yoshizumileads the Systems Planning & Analysis program at the Institute forTransportation Research and Education (ITRE) at NC State University, where he overseesthe Triangle Regional Model: the travel demand model serving North Carolina’s Triangleregion. He also serves as Executive Director of the Applied Data Research Institute, anonprofit organization that applies data science and systems modeling to addresscomplex, real-world challenges. His expertise spans transportation, energy, and land About RFF Resources for the Future (RFF) is an independent, nonprofit research institution inWashington, DC. Its mission is to improve environmental, energy, and natural resourcedecisions through impartial economic research and policy engagement. RFF is committed Working papers are research materials circulated by their authors for purposes ofinformation and discussion. They have not necessarily undergone formal peer review. Theviews expressed here are those of the individual authors and may differ from those of About IPI The Institute for Policy Integrity is a non-partisan think tank housed at the New YorkUniversity School of Law dedicated to improving the quality of governmental decisionmaking. Policy Integrity produces original scholarly research in the fields of economics, Acknowledgements We would like to thank Karen Palmer, Ben Mandel, Sam Wands, Meredith Alexander andCALSTART for their input, feedback and support of this project. All errors are our own. Sharing Our Work Our work is available for sharing and adaptation under an Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) license. You can copy andredistribute our material in any medium or format; you must give appropriate credit,provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made, and you may not applyadditional restrictions. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way thatsuggests the licensor endorses you or your use. You may not use the material for commercial purposes. If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you may not Abstract This paper employs an economics-engineering model to simulate the impact of variouselectric tariff structures and rate levels on the charging economics of six hypotheticalmedium- and heavy-duty vehicle fleets, including their total bills and peak demandwithout managed charging as well as their opportunity to save money and lower theirpeak demand by managing their charging. It uses real fleet data from a set of fossil-fueledfleets as the basis for modeling the duty cycle of hypothetical electric fleets; employsheuristics for how an operator would respond to a price signal; models charging behaviorin the context of several thousand rates described in the National Renewable EnergyLaboratory’s Utility Rate Database; compares charging behavior depending on tarifffeatures, including reliance on demand-based versus volumetric determinants, and theextent to which they are time-variant; and evaluates the potential for cost savings, peak Contents 1. Introduction2. Electric Tariffs for Commercial Customers3. Methodology 4. Data13 4.1. Fleet Characteristics134.2. Charging Characteristics144.3. Tariff Data15 5. Results18 5.1. Tariffs with no demand charges235.2. Tariffs with flat demand charges255.3. Tariffs with TOU demand265.4. Tariffs wi