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Spectrum: theClimate Connection Spectrum policy and GSMA Intelligence The GSMA is a global organisation unifying themobile ecosystem to discover, develop and deliverinnovation foundational to positive businessenvironments and societal change. Our vision isto unlock the full power of connectivity so thatpeople, industry, and society thrive. Representingmobile operators and organisations across themobile ecosystem and adjacent industries, the GSMA Intelligence is the definitive source of globalmobile operator data, analysis and forecasts, andpublisher of authoritative industry reports andresearch. Our data covers every operator group,network and MVNO in every country worldwide GSMA Intelligence is relied on by leading operators,vendors, regulators, financial institutions and third-party industry players, to support strategic decision-making and long-term investment planning. The Our team of analysts and experts produce regularthought-leading research reports across a range of We invite you to find out more at www.gsma.comFollow the GSMA on Twitter: @GSMA For spectrum information, please visitwww.gsma.com/spectrum/ Contact the Spectrum Team atwww.gsma.com/spectrum/contact-us/ Authors:Jakub Zagdanski, Senior EconomistPau Castells, Head of Economic Analysis Contributors:Carol Sosa LeguizamónRoss Bateson Contents Executive summary201Climate action and mobile spectrum policy502Impact on emissions of the mobile sector803Spectrum and the mobile enablement effect1504Comparing energy efficiency across different networktechnologies20 05Conclusions Executive summary Spectrum management is linked to carbon emissions The potential for spectrum policy to help tackleclimate change has recently garnered increasedinterest and focus among regulators. Some, Second, this research considers the impactthat the mobile sector has as an enabler ofemission-saving use cases for other sectors of This research examines how spectrum policy canaffect carbon emissions. First, it considers theimpact on the mobile sector’s emissions throughmobile network energy consumption, emissions Inefficient spectrum policy can raise the costof building and operating mobile networksand lower the adoption of emission-saving Sub-optimal spectrum policy can lead to tens of millions of This analysis evaluates the impact of four spectrumpolicy aspects that can vary between countries:the timeliness of spectrum assignments, amount We estimate the impact during the main period of 5Grollout (2022–2031) for two representative, medium-sized countries, both with a population of 80 million. Key findings — A two-year delay to 5G spectrum assignment can increase emissions by 40 million tonnes of CO2equivalent (MtCO2e) in the high-income country, and 10 MtCO2e in the low-income country. Late 5G — Assigning 100 MHz less to 5G is associated with a 15 MtCO2e increase in emissions in the high-income country and 2 MtCO2e in the low-income country. With less spectrum, more base stations — Fragmented spectrum can result in additional emissions of 5 MtCO2e in the high-income countryand 1 MtCO2e in the low-income country. Fragmented spectrum reduces spectrum usage due to theneed for guard bands. Fragmented spectrum also forces operators to rely on carrier aggregation — Non-neutral assignments that prevent spectrum refarming can result in additional emissionsof 3 MtCO2e in the high-income country and 2 MtCO2e in the low-income country. Spectrum Figure 1 MtCO2e Efficient use of spectrum can lead to a reduction in carbon The main challenge regulators face when assigningspectrum is to deliver the greatest socioeconomicbenefit. Regulators should therefore incorporate the high-income country) or 10 million cars (for thelow-income country). We also estimate a substantialemissions impact if the assigned spectrum is limited Non-monetary impacts, such as carbon emissions,should not be overlooked: they determine quality oflife and productivity globally. More directly, effective Spectrum policy that leads to efficient radio networkswill help realise the economic benefits of mobileconnectivity and reduce carbon emissions. This is awin–win situation for regulators as effective spectrum In the case of a two-year delay to 5G assignments,the additional emissions are comparable to the 01 How spectrum policy can affect carbon emissions This study examines the impact of spectrum policyon carbon emissions. Radio frequencies are a limitednatural resource. How this resource is managed the amount and type of spectrum assigned, whetherthe assignments are fragmented into smallerchannels, and whether there are any additional Figure 2 Key pillars of mobile sector climate action and spectrum policy aspects The United Nations’ Agenda for SustainableDevelopment declared 17 overarching SustainableDevelopment Goals (SDGs) for humanity and set thepathway to achieving them by 2030. Among these, Mobile operators accounting for63% of global mobile revenueshave committed to