从非关税措施清单到贸易影响评估的分析路径指南

Technical and statistical report From non-tariff measures datato impact Guidelines for the analytical pathway fromnon-tariff measures inventory to tradeimpact assessment U N I T E D N AT I O N S C O N F E R E N C E O N T R A D E A N D D E V E L O P M E N T Technical and statistical report From non-tariff measures datato impact Guidelines for the analytical pathway fromnon-tariff measures inventory to tradeimpact assessment Requests to reproduce excerpts or to photocopy should be addressed to the Copyright ClearanceCenter at copyright.com. All other queries on rights and licences, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to: United Nations Publications405 East 42nd StreetNew York, New York 10017United States of AmericaEmail:publications@un.orgWebsite:https://shop.un.org The designations employed and the presentation of material on any map in this work do not implythe expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the United Nations concerning the legalstatus of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of itsfrontiers or boundaries. This publication has not been formally edited. United Nations publication issued by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development Table of contents Acknowledgements..........................................................................v ChapterI Introduction.......................................................................................1 ChapterII From NTMs data to trade impact analysis: A logical sequence....5 A. Regulation level and measures level........................................7B. Time dimension of the NTMs data in TRAINS..........................91.TRAINS online is an unbalanced panel dataset. One datapoint cannot be used as the sole information source forstudying evolution of NTMs statistics over time.......................92.How many more NTMs do we have now comparedto one or two decades ago?..................................................11C. NTMs descriptive statistical indicators..................................141.Dataset for bulk download.....................................................142.The indicators.........................................................................143.The uses of indicators............................................................184.Limitations of NTMs indicators...............................................205.Selected indicator results.......................................................21D. Complementing NTMs indicators: Econometrictechniques and AVEs............................................................231.Moving toward quantification.................................................232.Ad Valorem Equivalents (AVEs) of NTMs................................23 ChapterIII Conclusion: Combining descriptive and impact analysis............27 ChapterIV Annex...............................................................................................31 References......................................................................................37 List of Tables 1.Evolution through time of coverage ratio for the economies available...............122.Coverage ratio and prevalence score increase moderately betweenperiods 1 and 2..................................................................................................123.Prevalence score in agri-food sector for the countries/economiesavailable for the year 2022.................................................................................15 A.1. NTM data availability........................................................................................33 List of Figures 1.One regulation can bear several NTMs..............................................................72.Introduction of measures through time in any reporter......................................103.Values of coverage ratio and prevalence score vary moderately over time........134.Values of coverage ratio and prevalence score increased moderately over time.135.High values of coverage ratio and prevalence score for agri-food sectors........216.Coverage ratio and prevalence score by region.................................................22 Acknowledgements This document was prepared, under the overall guidance of Ralf Peters of the Division onInternational Trade and Commodities of UNCTAD, by Denise Penello Rial, with non-tariffmeasures and trade data provided by Fabien Dumesnil and Rado Razafinombana. Desktop publishing and design were undertaken by Jenifer Tacardon- Mercado. Chapter I Introduction Introduction Non-tariffmeasures(NTMs)playacrucialroleinshapinginternationaltrade. While tariffs remain important instruments of trade policy,NTMs increasingly play a prominent role in determining marketaccess and trade costs. According to UNCTAD (2024), NTMs tendto have a significantly greater impact on trade costs than tariffs.1Thus, NTMs may – even unintentionally – act as barriers to