葡萄栽培中的新基因组技术

Challenges, impacts andcontribution to the sector AUTHORS Carlo Bergamini (IT)Felipe Gaínza-Cortés (CL)Christine Bottcher (AU)Silvia Vezzulli (IT)Laurent Torregrosa (FR)Oliver Trapp (DE)Johan Burger (ZA)Javier Ibáñez (ES)António Graça (PT)Marc De Loose (BE)Reinhard Töpfer (DE) COORDINATORS Jean-Claude Ruf, OIV Scientific DirectorEnrico Battiston, OIV Viticulture Head of Unit DISCLAIMER OIV collective expertise documents are not submitted to theStep Procedure for Examining Resolutions and can under nocircumstances be treated as OIV resolutions. Only resolutionsadopted by the Member States of the OIV have an official character.This document has been drafted by the Viticulture Commission’s“Genetic Resources and Vine Selection” (GENET) Group and revisedby the OIV Editorial Committee. © OIV publications, 1stEdition: September 2025 (Dijon, France)ISBN 978-2-85038-117-1OIV - International Organisation of Vine and WineHôtel Bouchu dit d’Esterno 1, Rue MongeF-21000 Dijon - France www.oiv.intE-mail: viti@oiv.int This document, drafted and developed on the initiative of the OIV,is a collective expert report. Table of contents 1. Introduction and objectives4 2. Evolution and current state of NGTs5 2.1. Brief history of the evolution of selection and breeding techniques5 2.2. Inventory of NGTs at the international level92.2.1 Description and characteristics of each NGT92.2.2. Benefits, risks and uncertainties of these new technologies102.2.3. Synergy between NGTs, traditional selection and breeding techniques122.3. Key technical and scientific terms and definitions related to NGTs13 3. Inventory of legislation on NGTs at the international level15 3.1. Inventory by continent (focus on vitivinicultural countries)153.1.1. European Union153.1.2. North, Central and South America173.1.3. Asia183.1.4. Africa183.1.5. Oceania203.2. Key legal and regulatory terms and definitions related to NGTs20 4. Comparative perspective on social, economic and environmental aspects24 4.1. Social aspects244.2. Economic aspects254.3. Environmental aspects26 5. Examples of current and potential uses of NGTs in the vitiviniculturalsector27 6. Discussion and Conclusion29 7. Bibliography31 1|Introduction andobjectives New Genomic Techniques (NGTs) offer great opportunitiesforthe genetic improvement of plants of agriculturalinterest – such as the grapevine – by increasing toleranceto parasites and diseases, and improving qualitative andnutritional aspects, thereby directly contributing to theeconomic and environmental sustainability of agriculturalsystems. NGTs are important for viticulture as they canalso be used to improve traditional cultivars. While thedevelopment of new varieties is advancing in laboratoriesandseveral field trials are underway,the scientificcommunityand the production chain must discussinternationalharmonised approaches to standardisecultivation,marketing and the aspects of intellectualprotection related to NGTs and derived varieties. In2015,the International Organisation of Vine andWine (OIV) published important guidance based on OIVactivities related to biotechnology in vitiviniculture (OIV,2015). The study provided foundational information forMember States, international standardisation bodies andother stakeholders, drawing on the application of modernbiotechnologyin the vitivinicultural sector,while alsoconsidering its potential impact. The main purpose of theguide, however, was to provide a factual basis for potentialdiscussion. Inthe years that followed–characterised by rapidlyevolving scientific and regulatory contexts – the Expertsof the OIV continued a fruitful debate, which is presentedin this collective expertise document. It aims to: a) study the development of New Genomic Techniques(NGTs) – previously known as New Breeding Technologies– and its synergy with other current breeding and selectionapproaches; b)study the potential of developing(propagating/multiplying) plant material using NGTs; c)establish general principles that allow the study,evaluation and dissemination of NGTs in a sustainablevitiviniculturalsector model,uniting all voluntarystakeholders of the public and private sectors (nationalgovernments, local and regional governments, companies,trade organisations, NGOs, research facilities, etc.). 2|Evolution and currentstate of NGTs 2.1. Brief history of the evolution of selection andbreeding techniques In response to the challenges faced when cultivatingVitis viniferaL. subsp. vinifera of European origin in eastern America for overtwo centuries, grapevine breeding emerged in the late 18th century.The cultivation of this species was found to be quite difficult due tounfavourable conditions, pests and climate factors. Meanwhile, inEurope, major breeding activities emerged due to the introductionof pathogens like powdery mildew, phylloxera and downy mildew.These diseases posed a significant threat to Europe’s millennia--oldtradition of viticulture, forcing growers to adopt new st