土地利用规划：空气污染和健康的部门解决方案

Land use planning –sectoral solutions forairpollution and health Technical brief Key messages Exposure to air pollution and its associated health impacts are affected by land use practices,including their regulation and enforcement. Understanding the complex relationship betweenair pollution and land use planning is an essential step in developing policies that efficientlyreduce the impacts of air pollution on the health and well-being of populations. This makes landuse planning a key priority for addressing ambient air pollution across rural, peri-urban andurban areas worldwide. This summary discusses the direct and indirect impacts of land use on air quality, andconsequently on public health and well-being. •Changes in pollutant dispersion and deposition ratesare theprimary factorsinfluencing how land use affects air quality and its emission sources.Therefore,identifying pollution sources and how they interact with the urban form and meteorologyare key to understanding how different land usages can also provide mitigation strategiesto promote good air quality. •Integrating health into land use planningcan improve air quality and overall healthand well-being by reducing overall levels of air pollution by improving dispersion,reducing deposition, decreasing proximity to sources, but also, for example, bypromoting walkability and social connection.•An integrated approach that considers theinteraction of social and physicalenvironmental factorsin relation to health helps address both health andenvironmental challenges, such as clean energy access, biodiversity protection, carbonsequestration and sustainable food systems. It is also essential to include gender andintersectional perspectives and ensure vulnerable populations are involved throughinclusive, participatory processes. •Development criteria,such as minimizing individual exposure to harmful pollutantswhile encouraging activities that limit emissions, can lead tosolutions that arebeneficial to both people and environment.•Ifhealth outcomes are intentionally considered in the development of urbanplans,for example, when a health impact assessment is practised,land use planningcan be used toboth directly and indirectlyminimize or reduce air pollution levels.For example, incorporating health impact assessments into the development of urbanplans can promote opportunities to design urban areas to include green spaces,mixed land use and pedestrian-friendly environments that can promote healthier, andactive lifestyles while reducing exposure to harmful pollutants.•Even thoughcompact urban developmentsmay have poor air quality due to the lackof green spaces and the high density, these developmentscan reduce air pollutionemissionsif accompanied with urban policies that restrict car use and promotewalkability and green spaces and mixed land uses.•On the other hand,urban sprawl areas, while possibly less polluted in suburbanzones,tend to be more car dependent, energy consuming and lead to the reductionof natural land, which has anegative impact on overall air quality.•Air pollution exposure depends on the location of the sources of air pollutants, theirdispersion andtime-activity patterns of the population.•Air pollution exposure patterns are important to be considered also for theirvariation by income level and other indicators of vulnerability(e.g.migration status,formality of tenure). In many cities, lower income households are disproportionatelyaffected by air pollution because this population group often resides in areas closer tomajor roads or industrial zones where air pollution is higher.•The situation is worse ininformal settlements and slums,whereair quality is oftenpoor,particularly indoors,due to overcrowding, proximity to pollution sources, andlack of green spaces and infrastructure.•Dense informal settlements face especially low air qualitybecause of inefficientland use, limited ventilation and reliance on polluting energy sources in crowdedliving conditions. Key priority actionsto promote effective land use planning, which would have a positiveimpact on health include: •Adopting target values,such as the World Health Organization (WHO) air qualityguidelines (AQG), which provide useful indicators to guide policies to reduce airpollution to the interim targets.•Gathering evidence-based datato identify air pollution hotspots, monitor themprecisely and assess exposure of local populations, with a specific focus on vulnerablesubgroups.•Implementing health impact assessments more systematically,incorporatingcost/benefits considerations, to guide and assess land use planning policies, differentemission scenarios and decisions, recognizing the fundamental role of land use inreducing air pollution and mitigating its adverse effects on health and health equity. •Building the capacity and mutual collaboration of planners, health professionalsand other relevant sectorsto address the nexus between land use practices and airquality. •Raising awareness