可持续燃料：2035年路径

DeliveringSustainable Fuels Pathways to 2035 INTERNATIONAL ENERGYAGENCY The IEA examines the fullspectrumof energy issuesincluding oil, gas andcoal supply anddemand, renewableenergy technologies,electricity markets,energy efficiency,access to energy,demand sidemanagement and muchmore. Through its work,the IEA advocatespolicies that will enhancethe reliability,affordability andsustainability of energyin its32Member countries,13Association countriesand beyond. IEAMembercountries: IEAAssociationcountries: AustraliaAustriaBelgiumCanadaCzech RepublicDenmarkEstoniaFinlandFranceGermanyGreeceHungaryIrelandItalyJapanKoreaLatviaLithuaniaLuxembourgMexicoNetherlandsNew ZealandNorwayPolandPortugalSlovak RepublicSpainSwedenSwitzerlandRepublic of TürkiyeUnited KingdomUnited States ArgentinaBrazilChinaEgyptIndiaIndonesiaKenyaMoroccoSenegalSingaporeSouth AfricaThailandUkraine This publication and any mapincluded herein are withoutprejudice to the status of orsovereignty over any territory,to the delimitation ofinternational frontiers andboundaries and to the nameof any territory, city or area. The EuropeanCommission alsoparticipates in thework of the IEA Source: IEA.International Energy AgencyWebsite: www.iea.org Abstract Sustainable fuels – including liquid biofuels, biogases, low-emissions hydrogenand hydrogen-based fuels – offer multiple benefits for the energy sector. Theycomplement electrification and energy efficiency in energy transitions, and areparticularly important for sectors that continue to be reliant on fuel-based solutionssuch as aviation, shipping, and parts of road transport and industry. Sustainablefuels can also enhance energy security, strengthen environmental sustainabilityand stimulate economic development, particularly in rural areas. Iffully legislated and implemented,current and proposed national andinternational policies would put the use of sustainable liquid and gaseous fuels ona path to nearly double from 2024 levels by 2030 and quadruple by 2035. Progressmust occur on multiple fronts to increase uptake and foster a large and diverse setof sustainable fuel pathways. This calls for a shared global vision for sustainablefuels, along with targeted policies to bridge costs gaps with conventional fuels,innovation to expand production potential, robust and mutually agreed carbonaccounting methodologies to ensure that sustainability criteria are met, long-terminvestmentin infrastructure,and more accessible financing,especially inemerging and developing economies. This report was prepared in support of Brazil’s COP30 Presidency and its ClimateAction Agenda. It presents a sectoral analysis of global pathways for acceleratingthedeployment of sustainable liquid and gaseous fuels to 2035.It alsosummarises cumulative policy experience to date, identifies key technology andinfrastructure requirements for scaling up deployment, and highlights resultingbenefits that extend well beyond emissions reductions. Finally, the report outlinespriority policy actions for governments seeking to adopt sustainable fuels toachieve measurable emissions reductions, strengthen domestic energy securityand foster new opportunities for economic development. Acknowledgements, contributorsand credits This report was prepared jointly by the Renewable Energy Division and the EnergyTechnology Policy Division of the International Energy Agency. The study wasdesigned and directed by Paolo Frankl, Head of the Renewable Energy Division,and Timur Gül, Chief Energy Technology Officer. Ilkka Hannula, Senior Energy Analyst, was the lead author of the report andcoordinated its production, in close collaboration with Uwe Remme (Head of theHydrogen and Alternative Fuels Unit). Principal contributors were (in alphabeticalorder) Ana Alcalde, Andrew Klain and Jeremy Moorhouse. Other IEA colleagueswho contributed to this work include Herib Blanco, Laurence Cret, MathildeFajardy, Quentin Minier and Amalia Pizarro. Valuable comments and feedback were provided by senior management andcolleagues within the IEA, including Keisuke Sadamori, Laura Cozzi and CeciliaTam (Head of the Energy Investment Unit). Uisung Lee (Argonne National Laboratory) provided valuable support with GREETemissions data. The report benefited from discussions and feedback gathered during an IEAworkshop on Creating Demand for Sustainable Fuels, held in Paris, France (April2025). For the editing, we thank Kristine Douaud. Thanks also to the IEA Communications and Digital Office for their help inproducing the report, particularly to Poeli Bojorquez, Astrid Dumond, Liv Gaunt,Grace Gordon, Jethro Mullen and Clara Vallois. Many experts from outside of the IEA provided valuable input, commented andreviewed this report. They include: Countries Australia(Cheryl Loone,Assistant Director–Department of Infrastructure,Transport, Regional Development, Communications and the Arts); Brazil (Laís deSouza Garcia, Head of the Renewable Energy Division, and Pedro Tie CandidoSo