基本药物的选择和使用，2025年：世界卫生组织基本药物示范清单，第24份清单

WHOModel List of Essential Medicines 24thlist © World Health Organization2025 Some rights reserved. This work isavailable under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0IGO licence(CCBY-NC-SA3.0IGO;https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo). Under the terms of this licence, you may copy, redistribute and adapt the work for non-commercial purposes, providedthe work isappropriately cited, as indicated below. In any use of this work, there should be no suggestion that WHO endorses any specificorganization, products or services. The use of the WHO logo is not permitted. If you adapt the work, then you must license your workunder the same or equivalent Creative Commons licence. If you create a translation of this work, you should add the following disclaimeralong with the suggested citation:“This translation was not created by the World Health Organization (WHO). WHO is not responsiblefor the content or accuracy of this translation. The original English edition shall be the binding and authentic edition”. Any mediation relating to disputes arising under the licence shall be conducted in accordance with the mediation rules of theWorldIntellectual Property Organization (http://www.wipo.int/amc/en/mediation/rules/). Suggested citation.The selection and use of essential medicines, 2025: WHO Model List of Essential Medicines, 24th list.Geneva:World Health Organization;2025.https://doi.org/10.2471/B09474. Licence:CCBY-NC-SA3.0IGO. Cataloguing-in-Publication (CIP) data.CIP data are available athttps://iris.who.int/. Sales, rights and licensing.To purchase WHO publications, seehttps://www.who.int/publications/book-orders. To submit requests forcommercial use and queries on rights and licensing, seehttps://www.who.int/copyright. Third-party materials.If you wish to reuse material from this work that is attributed to a third party, such as tables, figures or images, it isyour responsibility to determine whether permission is needed forthat reuse and to obtain permission from the copyright holder. The riskof claims resulting from infringement of any third-party-owned component in the work rests solely with the user. General disclaimers.The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression ofany opinion whatsoever on the part of WHO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, orconcerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted and dashed lines on maps represent approximate border lines forwhichthere may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended byWHOin preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietaryproducts are distinguished by initial capital letters. All reasonable precautions have been taken by WHOto verify the information contained in this publication. However, the publishedmaterial is being distributed without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied. The responsibility for the interpretation and use ofthe material lies with the reader.In no event shall WHObe liable for damages arising from its use. This publication contains the collective views of an international group of experts and does not necessarily represent the decisions or thepolicies of WHO. The recommendations contained in this publication are based on the advice of independent experts, who have considered the bestavailable evidence, a risk-benefit analysis and other factors, as appropriate. This publication may include recommendations on the useof medicinal products for an indication, in a dosage form, dose regimen, population or other use parameters that are not included in theapproved labelling. Relevant stakeholders should familiarize themselves with applicable national legal and ethical requirements. WHOdoes not accept liability for the procurement, distribution, and/or administration of any product for any use. WHO Model List of Essential Medicines–24thList(2025) Explanatory notes Thecorelistpresents a list of minimum medicine needs for a basic health-care system, listing the most efficacious, safe andcost–effective medicines for priority conditions. Priority conditions are selected on the basis of current and estimated futurepublic healthrelevance, and potential for safe and cost-effective treatment. Where the[c]symbol is placed next to an individual medicine or strength of medicine on the core list it signifies that there isa specific indication for restricting its use to children. Thecomplementarylistpresents essential medicines for priority diseases, for which specialized diagnostic or monitoringfacilities, and/or specialist medical care, and/or specialist training are needed. In case of doubt medicines may also be listedas complementary on the basis of consistent higher costs or less attra