常规和疫情监测中急性细菌性脑膜炎和侵袭性脑膜炎球菌病的标准病例定义

Standard case definitionsof acute bacterial meningitisand invasivemeningococcal diseasefor routine and outbreak surveillance © World Health Organization 2025 Some rights reserved. This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0IGO licence (CCBY-NC-SA3.0IGO;https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo). Under the terms of this licence, you may copy, redistribute and adapt the work for non-commercial purposes, provided the work is appropriately cited, as indicated below. In any use ofthis work, there should be no suggestion that WHO endorses any specificorganization, productsor services. The use of the WHO logo is not permitted. If you adapt the work, then you mustlicense your work under the same or equivalent Creative Commons licence. If you create atranslation of this work, you should add the following disclaimer along with the suggestedcitation:“This translation was not created by the World Health Organization (WHO). WHO is notresponsible for the content or accuracy of this translation. The original English edition shall bethe binding and authentic edition”. Any mediation relating to disputes arising under the licence shall be conducted in accordancewith the mediation rules of the World Intellectual Property Organization(http://www.wipo.int/amc/en/mediation/rules/). Suggested citation.Standard case definitions of acute bacterial meningitis and invasivemeningococcal disease for routine and outbreak surveillance. Geneva: World HealthOrganization;2025.https://doi.org/10.2471/B09491. Licence:CCBY-NC-SA3.0IGO. Cataloguing-in-Publication (CIP) data.CIP data are available athttps://iris.who.int/. Sales, rights and licensing.To purchase WHO publications, seehttps://www.who.int/publications/book-orders. To submit requests for commercial use andqueries on rights and licensing, seehttps://www.who.int/copyright. Third-party materials.If you wish to reuse material from this work that isattributed to a thirdparty, such as tables, figures or images, it is your responsibilityto determine whether permissionis needed for that reuse and to obtain permission from the copyright holder. The risk of claimsresulting from infringement of any third-party-owned component in the work rests solely withthe user. General disclaimers.The designations employed and the presentation of the material in thispublication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of WHOconcerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, orconcerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted and dashed lines on mapsrepresent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply thatthey are endorsed or recommended by WHOin preference to others of a similar nature that arenot mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products aredistinguished by initial capital letters. All reasonable precautions have been taken by WHOto verify the information contained in thispublication. However, the published material is being distributed without warranty of any kind,either expressed or implied. The responsibility for the interpretation and use of the material lieswith the reader.In no event shall WHObe liable for damages arising from its use. Contents Abbreviations and acronymsix Executive summaryx 1.1 Defeating meningitis by 2030: a global road map11.2 Use of standard case definitions for routine and outbreak surveillance21.2.1 Syndromic versus pathogen-specific surveillance21.3 Objective and target audience3 2 Methods 2.1 Contributors42.1.1 WHOSecretariat42.1.2 Evidence review team42.1.3 International experts42.1.4 Peer reviewers5 2.2 Decision-making process52.3 Document preparation and peer review5 3 Evidence review and synthesis6 3.1 Symptoms and signs63.2 Laboratory investigations63.3 Diagnostic prediction models73.4 Development of case definitions7 4.2 Use cases across different surveillance systems84.2.1 Scenario A:settingwith a syndromic surveillance system84.2.2 Scenario B:settingwith a pathogen-specific surveillance system94.2.3 Scenario C: humanitarian emergency with limited or no surveillance10 5Standard case definitions13 5.1Acute bacterial meningitis13 6 Conclusion and next steps 21 References22 Webannex: evidence report Acknowledgements The World Health Organization (WHO) gratefully acknowledges the contributions andcollaborative efforts of all those involved in the development of this publication. As part ofDefeatingmeningitisby 2030:a global road map, thisnormative productwasdevelopedby theWHODepartment of Epidemic and Pandemic Threat Managementunder the leadershipof Maria van Kerkhove and Lorenzo Pezzoli, in collaboration with the Department of MentalHealth, Brain Health and Substance Useand the Department of Immunization, Vaccines andBiologicals. The developmentof thispubli