巴基斯坦能源效率：工业能源效率与脱碳（EE&D）（英）2025

KNOWLEDGE NOTESENERGYEFFICIENCY ANDDECARBONIZATION(EE&D) 1Industrial Energy Efficiency AndDecarbonization (EE&D) Why is industrial energy efficiency relevant for Pakistan? Improving the energy efficiency of industrial production can reduce energy expenditure, increaseindustrial competitiveness while providing wider economic and environmental benefits. Pakistan has faced rapidly rising energy costs in recent years with electricity tariffs doubling and gas tariffsincreasing five-fold. This surge in energy prices has placed a significant strain on industrial operationsand profitability, necessitating infrastructure upgrades and making a compelling case for industrial energyefficiency (IEE) improvements. Furthermore, IEE is a crucial component of Pakistan’s Nationally DeterminedContributions(NDCs),targeting the country’s globally uncompetitive carbon intensity and regionallyuncompetitive energy intensity. Investments in IEE offer a tangible solution by yielding energy savings,lowering costs, and stimulating economic growth. Additionally, Pakistan’s energy intensity of gross domesticproduct (GDP) is relatively high compared to other countries in the region, presenting substantial potentialfor improvement in demand-side efficiency. Pakistan’s energy intensity—the amount of energy needed toproduce US$1 of GDP—was 4.2 megajoules (million joules, MJ) per United States dollar (US$), comparedto 1.9 MJ/US$ in Bangladesh, and just 1.7 MJ/US$ in Sri Lanka. As the industrial sector accounts for over37 percent of energy use in the country (over 14 million tonnes of oil equivalent or MTOE in fiscal year (FY)2023),1reducing the energy intensity of industrial production through energy efficiency and decarbonizationinterventions in priority sectors could reduce the energy intensity of GDP, improve industrial competitiveness,and provide economic and environmental benefits.2 Heavy reliance on coal in particular makes industry a disproportionate contributor to air pollution andgreenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.3At 55.13 grams of carbon dioxide (gCO2)/MJ, Pakistan’s carbon intensity ofindustrial energy consumption is nearly 38 percent greater than that of North America, and 50 percent morethan in the European Union (EU).iIndustrial energy efficiency targets for manufacturing sectors aim to reduceindustrial emissions by 5.33 metric tonnes of CO2equivalent (MtCO2e) through 2030, according to Pakistan’sNDCs.4Specific measures selected for industrial decarbonization include upgrading industrial processes andtechnologies, promoting energy efficiency, and conducting energy audits, with the highest sector-specific targets assigned to textile and fertilizer manufacturing (1.56 and 1.45 MtCO2e respectively).5The World Bankconducted a comprehensive study on industrial energy efficiency and decarbonization in Pakistan from mid-2022 to 2023. The key findings of this study are presented below, with details on approach, data collection,and methodology provided in annex 1. What are the most immediate Opportunities for Industrial EE&D? Industrial EE&D can be achieved through multiple pathways. Pakistan’s industrial sector offers a significant and achievable opportunity for energy efficiency anddecarbonization (EE&D), with the potential to substantially reduce energy demand, generate cost savings,and defer the need for new power generation capacity. Given that industry accounts for a substantialshare of the country’s energy consumption, targeted EE&D interventions could include replacing inefficientequipment with market-ready or emerging efficient technologies and waste heat recovery, fuel switching(using clean sources of energy instead of fossil fuels), increasing electrification (converting high temperaturerange, gas-based processes to electricity generated from renewable resources for instance), increasing theuse of distributed renewable energy as an alternative to grid-supplied electricity, process improvements,implementingcircularity(increasing reuse through improved utilization of existing material stocks,remanufacturing, and recycling), and deploying carbon capture utilization and storage (CCUS) initiatives.6InPakistan, the most immediate opportunities for industrial EE&D include replacing inefficient equipment withefficient technologies and fuel-switching. The trend of increasing use of distributed renewables is alreadytaking place in the country.7 Replacing ubiquitous industrial technologies such as motor‑driven systems, boilers, and coolingsystems, with readily available, cost‑competitive efficient alternatives could achieve rapid,near‑term gains in energy efficiency. Although some manufacturers have implemented EE&D technologies to conserve resources or complywith environmental standards prescribed by international customers, efficient alternatives to many typesof technologies remain scarce in local industrial applications.8Significant near-term energy savings inindustrial production can be achieved through the adoption of effic