造纸和纸浆行业：能源效率和脱碳（EE&D）机会（英）2025

SECTOR KNOWLEDGE NOTESENERGY EFFICIENCY ANDDECARBONIZATION (EE&D)OPPORTUNITIES 1Paper and Pulp Sector — EnergyEfficiency and DecarbonizationOpportunities The paper and pulp industry in Pakistan consists of approximately 100 companies producing0.9 million tonnes of paper products each year.iPaper production has risen at a compoundannual growth rate of around 7.2 percent for the past five years (FY20-FY24). This reflects thestability of the segment as it makes up a significant portion of overall paper and board production.The production of paper increased in fiscal year (FY) 2024 to 366,267 metric tonnes (MT) from311,675 MT in FY23, representing an increase of 17.6 percent year-on-year.iiThe sector employsan estimated 100,000 to 150,000 people, nearly 70 percent of paper mills are located in thePunjab province. Pakistan’s total demand for paper and board is around 1.7 million tonnes of whichnearly 60 percent is imported. The industry accounts for 7 percent of Pakistan’s primary energyconsumption. Key sources of primary energy used in paper and pulp manufacture include gridelectricity, fuel oil, and natural gas. The paper and pulp subsector accounts for nearly 13 percent ofindustrial gas consumption, 4.6 percent of fuel-oil, and 3 percent of industrial electricity in Pakistan.Onsite fuel consumption and purchased energy are the key sources of sector emissions whilelimited emissions come from chemicals used in the pulping process. According to the country’slatest greenhouse gas (GHG) inventory, the paper and pulp subsector emits almost 3 percentof overall industrial emissions.iiiThis note describes decarbonization interventions to improveenergy efficiency and reduce emissions in the paper and pulp sector while increasing industrialcompetitiveness and providing wider economic and environmental benefits. The current state of energy efficiency and decarbonizationin Pakistan’s paper and pulp sector The paper and pulp sector has a complex value chain and industries are typically classified on thebasis of raw material used for example wood-based, non-wood-based, wastepaper-based, et cetera.Growth in the paper packaging segment is being driven by the increasing consumer awarenessof sustainable packaging and the stringent rules enforced by various environmental protectionorganizations regarding the usage of environmentally friendly packaging items.ivVarious gradesof paper and board are produced locally through resource-intensive processes such as pulping,forming, pressing, drying, sizing, calendaring, reeling. Pulping and drying are the most energyintensive processes in the value chain and provide significant opportunities for energy savings. Nearly 75 percent of the direct costs of manufacturing paper and pulp are attributed to raw material,while fuel and other energy sources contribute only 8 percent. Most efficient mills produce simplepaper and board products with specific energy consumption (SEC) of up to 3,000 kilowatt hoursper ton (kWh/t), while the least efficient ones producing special papers have SEC between 10,000and 20,000 kWh/t. Existing & emerging opportunities for improving EE&D Several plants in Pakistan have invested in efficiency measures such as installing equipment toreduce steam consumption, optimizing the operation of cooling drives and investment in efficientlighting and sensors. However, the paper and pulp sector can improve efficiency and decreaseemissions further by adopting several sector-specific existing and emerging technologies. Energyefficiency and decarbonization pathways available to the paper and pulp industry includeenergy efficiency interventions (cogeneration and installing efficient motors, efficient boilers, andcontrol drives on motor driven systems), fuel switching (biomass boilers, biofuel-fired dryers),electrification (electric boilers and dryers), carbon capture (applicable to exhaust of captive powergeneration units), process improvement (deep eutectic solvents), circularity (raw paper-basedpaper production), and innovative approaches such as waste heat recovery on compressors andnew drying techniques). Existing energy efficiency and decarbonization technologies can reduceemissions in the sector by between 3 percent to 60 percent and lower energy costs by 5 to45 percent. Similarly emerging technologies could reduce energy consumption by up to 40 percentwhile lowering emissions by up to 30 percent (see annex 1 for more details on energy efficiency anddecarbonization options for the paper and pulp sector and annex 2 for summaries of the analysis offive recommended existing and emerging technologies for the paper and pulp subsector). Green electrification of heat and newdrying techniques Energy efficiency measures to improvethe electrical energy intensity of thepaper industry Green electrification of heat in the paper andpulp industry can significantly reduce carbonemissions. Electrifying the drying processes,for example, with industrial heat pumps,radio frequency dry