2023年私人飞机空气与温室气体污染报告

ACKNOWLEDGMENTSWe thank our Aviation colleagues for their careful review of interim modeling. Thanksalso to Jayant Mukhopadhaya, Uwe Tietge, and Stefan Gossling for their review of anearlier draft. Aircraft flight trajectory (Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast,ADS-B) data used for the bottom-up estimate of fuel burn and emissions were kindlyprovided by Spire, and were supplemented by aircraft engine data from IBA Group.Additional fleet data from JETNET were used as supplemental data for our approach toestimating top-down greenhouse gas emissions from private jets.International Council on Clean Transportation1500 K Street NW, Suite 650Washington, DC 20005communications@theicct.org|www.theicct.org|@TheICCT© 2025 International Council on Clean Transportation (ID 349) iICCTREPORT|AIR AND GREENHOUSE GAS POLLUTION FROM PRIVATE JETS, 2023EXECUTIVE SUMMARYThe aviation industry, including commercial, private, and military aircraft, emits about1 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide (CO₂) annually, making it the seventh-largest sourceof CO₂ if considered a country. Without significant action, emissions from internationalaviation could double or even triple by 2050, reaching up to 1,800 million tonnes (Mt),according to the Climate Action Tracker (2024).While there are several high-fidelity emission inventories for commercial aviation,data on greenhouse gas (GHG) and air pollution from general aviation—includingnitrogen oxides (NOX) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5human health—remain limited. Private jets were responsible for about 2%–4% of totalannual GHG emissions from aviation in 2013–2023. Better data on the magnitude anddistribution of private jet pollution could help inform efforts to reduce these emissionsthrough targeted policy measures.This report quantifies and maps the air and GHG pollution emitted globally by privatejets in 2023. We developed both a top-down and a bottom-up emissions inventoryfor private jet flights using a variety of data sources, such as global flight trajectories,airport coordinates, and engine emission databases. These data allowed us to spatiallyallocate fuel use and emissions to airports and countries for about 94% of private jetactivity globally.Figure ES1 shows the global distribution of private jet flights (left panel) andcommercial flights (jets and turboprops; right panel) in 2023. Private jet activity wasoverwhelmingly located in the United States, with almost two-thirds (64.6%) of flightsdeparting a U.S. airport. In contrast, commercial jet flights were distributed morewidely around the globe, with only about 26% of flights departing U.S. airports.Figure ES1Flight trajectories for private jets (left) and commercial flights (right), 2023Note:This figure was derived from Spire’s 2023 database.Figure ES2 displays the estimated GHGs from private jets over time based on ourtop-down emissions inventory methodology. The bars show absolute emissions (inMt) and the line shows private jets’ share of civil aviation (commercial plus private jet)emissions. Greenhouse gas emissions from private jets increased 25% over the pastdecade, from 15.7 Mt in 2013 to 19.5 Mt in 2023, with significant year-on-year volatility. ), which impact air quality and iiICCTREPORT|AIR AND GREENHOUSE GAS POLLUTION FROM PRIVATE JETS, 2023From these results we draw the following conclusions and policy recommendations.Private jets are a large and growing source of air and climate pollution.A private jetemits about 810 tonnes of GHGs in a typical year, equivalent to 177 passenger cars ornine Class 8 heavy-duty trucks. At their post-COVID peak in 2022, private jets emittedan estimated 23.7 Mt of CO2-equivalent emissions and accounted for nearly 4% of thecivil aviation total. In 2023, private jets collectively emitted more GHGs than all flightsdeparting from Heathrow Airport, the busiest airport in Europe (Heathrow Airport,2024).Private jet activity and emissions are overwhelmingly concentrated in the UnitedStates.In 2023, private jet flights departing from U.S. airports accounted for morethan half (55%) of private jet GHG emissions globally. The states of Florida and Texasgenerated more private jet flights and GHG emissions than the entire EuropeanUnion. We found that 18 of the 20 airports with the highest estimated private jet NOXemissions in 2023 are in the United States.A typical private jet flight is short-haul (less than 900 km) and lasts less than twohours.This means that the emissions of private jet flights could be reduced through theuse of turboprop aircraft, which are much more fuel efficient than turbofan aircraft, andby a modal shift to high-speed rail in regions where it exists, like Europe.Taxation of private jet flights or GHG emissions could generate substantial revenueto support aviation decarbonization.We find that introducing a global tax on fuelsconsumed by private flights of approximately $1.59/gallon ($0.42/L)—as proposed inlegislation considered by the previous U.S. Congress—could generat