什么是电动汽车？（英）

If you’re driving a carthat needs to be fueled up, chances are your vehicle runs on an internalcombustion engine (ICE), which is powered by either gasoline or diesel fuel. Electric vehicles(EVs), by contrast, use a battery instead of a gasoline tank and an electric motor instead of anICE.But not all EVs are created equal. There are several types of EVs, each of which is powered a bitdifferently:—Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs)have both an ICE and an electric motor, which assists only atlow speeds. The battery is charged either by the combustion engine or through recuperationwhen braking. Honda’s Accord line, for example, features an HEV model.—Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs)are powered by an electric motor as well as asmallcombustion engine. They have an all-electric range from 20 to 60 miles per trip and can becharged at a regular EV charging station. Toyota’s Prius line includes a plug-in hybrid.—Extended-range electric vehicles (EREVs)are sometimes included in the PHEV category,but there are key differences between the two. Whereas PHEVs use a parallel electric-motor and ICE powertrain configuration,EREVstypically include a small ICE-poweredgenerator that recharges the battery pack. EREVs and PHEVs can both be charged at EVcharging stations, and their ICE engines can be refilled at traditional gas stations. EREVsalso offer a longer driving range: usually between 100 and 200 miles, compared with 20 to40 miles for PHEVs.—Battery electric vehicles (BEVs)rely solely on their battery for power. They producenotailpipe emissions, have no combustion engine, and can typically drive between 200 and500 miles before being recharged. The Tesla Model 3 and the Chevy Bolt are examples ofBEVs.—Fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs)use only electric motors. Their electricity isgenerated infuel cellsand can be stored in a small buffer battery. Fuel cell vehicles use hydrogen (whichis compressed into tanks) as fuel. Toyota’s Mirai and Hyundai’s Nexo are examples of FCEVs.The automotive future is electric—McKinsey projects that worldwide demand for EVs will growsixfold from 2021 through 2030. Annual unit sales could go from 6.5 million to roughly 40 millionover that period. In the first part of the decade, the COVID-19 pandemic, the war in Ukraine, andthe push toward achieving net zero have accelerated the momentum of sustainable mobility.Understanding EVs and e-mobility can illustrate how these vehicles are transforming theindustry and helping to decarbonize the planet.Learn more about McKinsey’s Automotive and Assembly Practice.What is an EV? The popularity of electric bikes andscooters, due to their affordability and ease of access,represents a new chapter inmicromobility. McKinsey estimates that the global micromobilitymarket will reach about $360 billion by 2030, up from about $175 billion in 2022 (Exhibit 1),mainly driven by e-bike sales.Exhibit1On the opposite end of the EV spectrum are eTrucks. Demand for them is booming in responseto a regulatory push to reduce emissions in the logistics and transport sectors. The EuropeanUnion has some of the world’s toughest emissions regulations: a 43 percent reduction in sales isrequired for new medium- and heavy-duty trucks by 2030 and 90 percent by 2040, which willbe enforced by hefty fines for noncompliance.Are there other EVs aside from cars? What is an EV? Today, eTrucks are becoming more economical for manufacturers to produce and forconsumers to purchase and own. As a result of improvements in electric powertrain technologyand declining battery costs, McKinsey predicts that within the next few years, the total cost ofownership for many eTrucks—depending on the specific use case—will be similar to or betterthan that of traditional ICE trucks. Toward the end of this decade, McKinsey expects that fuelcell electric trucks (which are powered by hydrogen) will also enter the commercial-vehicleindustry, especially in heavy-duty applications and long-haul use cases, where pure batteryelectric powertrains might have limitations given battery size and weight.And in the broader world of mobility, electric aircraft are also on the horizon. Some havepredicted that electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft could be flying above citiesas soon as 2030, although predictions are notoriously difficult to make in the autonomousspace.What is the range of EVs?The range is how far an EV can go before recharging. Range anxiety, or the unease drivers feelabout an EV’s limited driving distance, is a major concern for consumers considering thepurchase of an electric vehicle, along with the price tag. For prospective owners who live inapartments or other types of homes without access to overnight charging, as well as those whowould take long-distance trips, the scant number of public charging stations can be a concern.And while most drivers have a daily commute of less than 50 miles, others have to drive muchfarther to get to and from work. Currently, the minimum acceptable ra