21世纪的非洲：治理与增长2025

21st-Century AfricaThis book, along with any associated content or subsequent updates,can be accessed athttps://hdl.handle.net/10986/43126. 21st-Century AfricaGovernance and GrowthEdited byChorching Goh © 2025 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433Telephone: 202-473-1000; Internet:www.worldbank.orgSome rights reserved1 2 3 4 28 27 26 25This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings,interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views ofThe World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent.The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy, completeness, or currency of the data included in thiswork and does not assume responsibility for any errors, omissions, or discrepancies in the information, orliability with respect to the use of or failure to use the information, methods, processes, or conclusions setforth. The boundaries, colors, denominations, links/footnotes, and other information shown in this workdo not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or theendorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. The citation of works authored by others does not meanThe World Bank endorses the views expressed by those authors or the content of their works.Nothing herein shall constitute or be construed or considered to be a limitation upon or waiver of theprivileges and immunities of The World Bank, all of which are specifically reserved.Rights and PermissionsThis work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO license (CC BY 3.0 IGO)http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo. Under the Creative Commons Attribution license, youare free to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt this work, including for commercial purposes, under thefollowing conditions:Attribution—Please cite the work as follows: Goh, Chorching, ed. 2025.21st-Century Africa: Governance andGrowth. Washington, DC: World Bank. doi:10.1596/978-1-4648-2186-8. License: Creative CommonsAttribution CC BY 3.0 IGOTranslations—If you create a translation of this work, please add the following disclaimer along with theattribution:This translation was not created by The World Bank and should not be considered an officialWorld Bank translation. The World Bank shall not be liable for any content or error in this translation.Adaptations—If you create an adaptation of this work, please add the following disclaimer along with theattribution:This is an adaptation of an original work by The World Bank. Views and opinions expressed inthe adaptation are the sole responsibility of the author or authors of the adaptation and are not endorsed byThe World Bank.Third-party content—The World Bank does not necessarily own each component of the content containedwithin the work. The World Bank therefore does not warrant that the use of any third-party-ownedindividual component or part contained in the work will not infringe on the rights of those third parties.The risk of claims resulting from such infringement rests solely with you. If you wish to re-use a componentof the work, it is your responsibility to determine whether permission is needed for that re-use and to obtainpermission from the copyright owner. Examples of components can include, but are not limited to, tables,figures, or images.All queries on rights and licenses should be addressed to World Bank Publications, The World Bank,1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; e-mail:pubrights@worldbank.org.ISBN (paper): 978-1-4648-2186-8ISBN (electronic): 978-1-4648-2187-5DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-2186-8Cover photos: Clockwise from top: © insta_kenya / iStock; © Charday Penn / iStock; © ThamKC / iStock;© Sabrina Bracher / Shutterstock.Cover design:Jihane El Khoury Roederer, Global Corporate Solutions, World Bank.Library of Congress Control Number: 2025902042 ContentsForeword. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xvAcknowledgments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xviiMain Messages. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xixNavigating the Report. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xxiiiAbbreviations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xxvCHAPTER 1GovernanceDebbie Isser, Gael Raballand, Michael Watts, and Diane ZovighianSummaryContextFactsAnalysisPoliciesNotesReferencesCHAPTER 2Climate and EnvironmentKanta Kumari Rigaud and Anna Gayatri SinghSummaryContextFactsAnalysisPoliciesConclusionNotesReferencesCHAPTER 3Productivity