海水淡化与回用的治理与经济学第2卷（英）2025

VOLUMESector-Level About the Global Department for Water The World Bank Group’s Global Department for Water brings together financing,knowledge, and implementation in one platform. By combining the Bank’s global Please visit us atwww.worldbank.org/wateror follow us on X:@WorldBankWater. About GWSP This publication received the support of the Global Water Security & SanitationPartnership (GWSP). GWSP is a multidonor trust fund administered by the World Bank’sGlobal Department for Water and supported by Australia’s Department of ForeignAffairs and Trade; Austria’s Federal Ministry of Finance; Denmark’s Ministry of Foreign Please visit us atwww.worldbank.org/gwspor follow us on X:@TheGwsp. About PPIAF The Public–Private Infrastructure Advisory Facility (PPIAF) helps developing-countrygovernments strengthen policies, regulations, and institutions that enable sustainableinfrastructure with private-sector participation. As part of these efforts, PPIAF promotesknowledge-transfer by capturing lessons while funding research and tools availableon its knowledge platform—the Global Infrastructure Hub; builds capacity to scale Please visit us athttps://www.ppiaf.org/or follow us on X:@PPIAF_PPP. About PROBLUE PROBLUE is a multidonor trust fund housed at the World Bank that supports thedevelopment of integrated, sustainable and healthy marine and coastal resources.PROBLUE contributes to the implementation of Sustainable Development Goal 14 and Governance andEconomics of VOLUME Sector-Level Governance Models June 2025 © 2025 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433 This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpretations,and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy, completeness, or currency of the data included in thiswork and does not assume responsibility for any errors, omissions, or discrepancies in the information, orliability with respect to the use of or failure to use the information, methods, processes, or conclusions setforth. The boundaries, colors, denominations, links/footnotes and other information shown in this work do Nothing herein shall constitute or be construed or considered to be a limitation upon or waiver of theprivileges and immunities of The World Bank, all of which are specifically reserved. Rights and Permissions The material in this work is subject to copyright. Because The World Bank encourages dissemination of itsknowledge, this work may be reproduced, in whole or in part, for noncommercial purposes as long as full Please cite the work as follows: World Bank. 2025. “Governance and Economics of Desalination and Reuse:Volume 2. Sector-Level Governance Models.” World Bank, Washington, DC. Any queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to World BankPublications, The World Bank Group, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2625; Cover design:Circle Graphics. Cover photos:© Adobe Stock. Used with permission of Adobe Stock. Further permission required for reuse. Contents AcknowledgmentsExecutive SummaryAbbreviations 1 1.About This Volume 1.1 Context and Rationale for Institutional Framework Analysis1.2 Objectives and Scope of the Study 2.Conceptual Framework of Institutional Models 3.Case Studies 3.1 Saudi Arabia: Transition to Horizontal Integration3.2 Israel: Hybrid Model of Water Governance 43 4.Cross-Case Analysis and Synthesis 4.1 Institutional Arrangements and Their Implications4.2 Financial Mechanisms and Contractual Approaches 5.Recommendations for Designing Robust Institutional Frameworks47 References50 FIGURES 1.1.Development Questions that World Bank’s Desalination and ReuseGovernance Guidelines and Tools Are Trying to Answer2.1.Institutional Framework Models for Water Service Delivery3.1.Saudi Arabia Previous Water Service Structure3.2.Saudi Arabia New Water and Wastewater Service Structure3.3.Saudi Arabia’s Desalination Sector Financial Flows3.4.Saudi Arabia’s Reuse Sector Financial Flows3.5.Structure of an IWP in Saudi Arabia3.6.Israel Water and Wastewater Structure3.7.Israel’s Water Sector Financial Flows Acknowledgments This series of reports was led by Zael G. Sanz Uriarte (senior water supply and sanitationspecialist) at the World Bank, working with a core team including Edoardo Borgomeo(water resources management specialist), Sven Schlumpberger (water supply andsanitation specialist), Jihoon Lee (water specialist), Lara Loske-Garcia (junior professionalofficer) Carolina Dominguez Torres (senior water supply and sanitation specialist), Significant contributions were made by consulting teams including Castalia Ltd. (ledby John Ikeda), Global Water Intelligence (led by Christopher Gasson), CambridgeResources International Inc. (led by Mikhail Miklyaev), I