尼泊尔各市农作物和中小企业保险试点预可行性研究

ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANKPRE-FEASIBILITY STUDY OF CROPAND SMALL AND MEDIUM-SIZEDENTERPRISE INSURANCE PILOTSIN NEPAL’S MUNICIPALITIESAPRIL 2025 Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO license (CC BY 3.0 IGO)© 2025 Asian Development Bank6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong City, 1550 Metro Manila, PhilippinesTel +63 2 8632 4444; Fax +63 2 8636 2444Some rights reserved. Published in 2025.ISBN 978-92-9277-282-6 (print); 978-92-9277-283-3 (PDF); 978-92-9277-284-0 (ebook)Publication Stock No. TCS250137-2DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/TCS250137-2The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views and policiesof the Asian Development Bank (ADB) or its Board of Governors or the governments they represent.ADB does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility for anyconsequence of their use. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers does not imply that theyare endorsed or recommended by ADB in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned.By making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, ADB does notintend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area.This publication is available under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO license (CC BY 3.0 IGO)https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/. By using the content of this publication, you agree to be boundby the terms of this license. For attribution, translations, adaptations, and permissions, please read the provisionsand terms of use at https://www.adb.org/terms-use#openaccess.This CC license does not apply to non-ADB copyright materials in this publication. If the material is attributedto another source, please contact the copyright owner or publisher of that source for permission to reproduce it.ADB cannot be held liable for any claims that arise as a result of your use of the material.Please contact pubsmarketing@adb.org if you have questions or comments with respect to content, or if you wishto obtain copyright permission for your intended use that does not fall within these terms, or for permission to useCorrigenda to ADB publications may be found at http://www.adb.org/publications/corrigenda.In this publication, “¥” refers to Japanese yen; “NRs” refers to Nepalese rupees; and “$” refers to United States dollars,unless otherwise stated.ADB recognizes “Turkey” as Türkiye.Cover design by Cleone Baradas.On the cover (from left to right): Shital Chantiyal, fish caretaker of Ghasa trout farm; agriculture land atTamakoshi (Khimti)–Kathmandu located in Sindhupalchwok, Nepal; backyard poultry in Nepal (photos by ADB). www.adb.orgthe ADB logo.Notes: TABLES, FIGURES, AND BOXESACKNOWLEDGMENTSABBREVIATIONSEXECUTIVE SUMMARY1CONTEXT AND SCOPE OF THE STUDYNepal’s Geography, Climate, and Risk ProfileSocioeconomicsGovernance and Disaster ManagementPost-Disaster Fiscal Risk for Municipalities2AGRICULTURE INSURANCE PENETRATION—BARRIERS AND OPTIONSChallenges to Scaling Up Crop Insurance in NepalBarriers to Scaling Up Crop InsuranceOptions for Strengthening the Crop and Livestock Insurance DirectiveSuitability of Area Yield Index Insurance for NepalSuitability of Weather Index-Based Crop Insurance3STATUS OF DISASTER INSURANCE IN NEPALBarriers to Scaling Up Disaster Insurance4PARAMETRIC INSURANCE FOR CROPS5SUB-SOVEREIGN INSURANCE POOLNepal Catastrophe Insurance Pool for MunicipalitiesAdministrative Structure of Nepal Catastrophe Insurance Pool for MunicipalitiesFunding Nepal Catastrophe Insurance Pool for MunicipalitiesGetting Stakeholders Onboard and Developing Project StrategyConduct High-Level Technical and Operational Feasibility AssessmentBuilding PartnershipsDeveloping and Testing Parametric Insurance ProductsImplementation Challenges for the PilotProposed Way Forward for Pilot vviviiviii11335671011121314151720202224262627282829 Contents6RECOMMENDATIONSAPPENDIXES1Parametric Insurance2Meso-Level Insurance3Note on Parametric Landslide Insurance4Expanding Automated Weather Stations for Insurance5Insurance Pool Examples6Notable Crop Insurance Pilots in Nepal7Government-Backed Earthquake Insurance SchemesREFERENCES 30323234353740434546 TABLES, FIGURES, AND BOXESTABLES1Premium and Subsidy Rates for Crop and Livestock Insurance2Crop Insurance Policy Sold in Nepal3Livestock Insurance Policy Sold in NepalA1.1Key Differences Between Traditional and Parametric InsuranceA4.1Automatic Weather Station Advantages and DisadvantagesA4.2Parameters Observed by Automatic Weather StationsA6.1Area Yield Index Insurance (United Nations Capital Development Fund)A6.2Policy Triggers and Payoff Formula for Index-Based Flood InsuranceA6.3Index-Based Flood Insurance (Stonestep)A6.4Policy Triggers and Payoff Formula for Stonestep’s Index-Based Flood InsuranceFIGURES1Nepal Monthly Climatology of Minimum, Mean, and Maximum Temperatureand Precipitation, 1991–20202Insurance Penetrati