在城镇和乡村获得服务：为地区人口变化做好准备

Getting to Services in Townsand VillagesPREPARING REGIONS FOR DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGE This document, as well as any data and map included herein, are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty overany territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area.The statistical data for Israel are supplied by and under the responsibility of the relevant Israeli authorities. The use ofsuch data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements inthe West Bank under the terms of international law.Note by the Republic of TürkiyeThe information in this document with reference to “Cyprus” relates to the southern part of the Island. There is no singleauthority representing both Turkish and Greek Cypriot people on the Island. Türkiye recognises the Turkish Republic ofNorthern Cyprus (TRNC). Until a lasting and equitable solution is found within the context of the United Nations, Türkiyeshall preserve its position concerning the “Cyprus issue”.Note by all the European Union Member States of the OECD and the European UnionThe Republic of Cyprus is recognised by all members of the United Nations with the exception of Türkiye. Theinformation in this document relates to the area under the effective control of the Government of the Republic of Cyprus.Please cite this publication as:OECD (2024),Getting to Services in Towns and Villages: Preparing Regions for Demographic Change, OECD Rural Studies,OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/df1e9b88-en.ISBN 978-92-64-42746-4 (print)ISBN 978-92-64-54569-4 (PDF)ISBN 978-92-64-66936-9 (HTML)ISBN 978-92-64-80311-4 (epub)OECD Rural StudiesISSN 2707-3416 (print)ISSN 2707-3424 (online)Photo credits:Cover © PeopleImages/Getty Images.Corrigenda to OECD publications may be found on line at: www.oecd.org/about/publishing/corrigenda.htm.© OECD 2024The use of this work, whether digital or print, is governed by the Terms and Conditions to be found at https://www.oecd.org/termsandconditions. GETTING TO SERVICES IN TOWNS AND VILLAGES © OECD 2024ForewordTowns and villages host many different types of public and private service providers that people frequentlyaccess.However, access to those services can vary significantly depending onwherepeople live. Forexample, rural residents tend to have longer journey times to access services, sometimes significantlylonger than their urban counterparts.Thiscan impact individual well-being and broader societal goals such as inclusiveness andenvironmentally sustainable growth. While electronic service delivery is highly promising, it is not alwaysan effective substitute, especially where the service requires some form of physical intervention, forexample surgical interventions in hospitals or cash withdrawals from banks.Moreover, the parameterswithin which national and local governmentsoperate to provide those services are significantly changingin light of sizeable demographic changes, with many regionslosing population or facing substantialageing.This report investigates the potential impact of these demographic changes on the spatial reorganisationof services in OECD regions and countries, including through case studies and service benchmarks fortowns and villages, depending, for example, on their access to a city (or lack thereof).This document summarises the output of the Regional Development Along the Settlement Network project,undertaken as part of the programme of work of the OECD Regional Development Policy Committee(RDPC). Theproject was presented and benefitted from feedback at the 43rd, 44th, 45thand 46thWorkingParty on Territorial Indicators (WPTI) meetings. The work was carried out between 2021 and 2024.Thisdocument[CFE/RDPC/TI(2024)5]was approved by the WPTI Committee at its 46th session on13May2024and prepared for publication by the OECD Secretariat. GETTING TO SERVICES IN TOWNS AND VILLAGES © OECD 2024AcknowledgementsThis report was produced by the OECD’s Centre for Entrepreneurship, SMEs, Regions and Cities (CFE),led by Director Lamia Kamal-Chaoui. It summarises the findings of the project Regional DevelopmentAlong the Settlement Network funded by the European Commission (EC)’s Directorate-General forRegional and Urban Policy (DG REGIO).The report was co-ordinated and drafted by Alison Weingarden, Economist in the CFE, under thesupervision of Ana Moreno Monroy, Head of the Territorial Statistics and Analysis Unit in the EconomicAnalysis, Data and Statistics Division,relying on the direction and guidance ofRüdiger Ahrend, Head ofDivision. The report benefitted from contributions from David Burgalassi and Bernhard Nöbauer (bothCFE).Carsten Dölle,Talia Kauffmann (Technion–Israel Institute of Technology),Nikos Patias (ABNAMRO Bank) andTainá Souza Pacheco (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona).Eric Gonnard and ClaireHoffmann (both CFE) provided statistical support. Lewis Dijkstra (EC-Joint Research Centre,JRC) andPaolo Ve