2024年国有企业所有权和治理

Ownership and Governanceof State‑Owned Enterprises2024 This work is published under the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD. The opinions expressed andarguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of the Member countries of the OECD. This document, as well as any data and map included herein, are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty overany territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. The statistical data for Israel are supplied by and under the responsibility of the relevant Israeli authorities. The use ofsuch data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements inthe West Bank under the terms of international law. Note by the Republic of Türkiye The information in this document with reference to “Cyprus” relates to the southern part of the Island. There is no singleauthority representing both Turkish and Greek Cypriot people on the Island. Türkiye recognises the Turkish Republic ofNorthern Cyprus (TRNC). Until a lasting and equitable solution is found within the context of the United Nations, Türkiyeshall preserve its position concerning the “Cyprus issue”. Note by all the European Union Member States of the OECD and the European UnionThe Republic of Cyprus is recognised by all members of the United Nations with the exception of Türkiye. Theinformation in this document relates to the area under the effective control of the Government of the Republic of Cyprus. ISBN 978-92-64-50735-7 (print)ISBN 978-92-64-98288-8 (PDF)ISBN 978-92-64-68318-1 (HTML)ISBN 978-92-64-74883-5 (epub) Revised version, November 2024Details of revisions available at: https://www.oecd.org/about/publishing/corrigenda.htm Photo credits:Cover © Together Creative. Corrigenda to OECD publications may be found at: https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/support/corrigenda.html.© OECD 2024 Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)This work is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International licence. By using this work, you accept to be bound by the terms of this licence(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).Attribution– you must cite the work.Translations– you must cite the original work, identify changes to the original and add the following text:In the event of any discrepancy between the original work and thetranslation, only the text of original work should be considered valid.Adaptations– you must cite the original work and add the following text:This is an adaptation of an original work by the OECD. The opinions expressed and arguments employed inthis adaptation should not be reported as representing the official views of the OECD or of its Member countries.Third-party material– the licence does not apply to third-party material in the work. If using such material, you are responsible for obtaining permission from the third party and forany claims of infringement.You must not use the OECD logo, visual identity or cover image without express permission or suggest the OECD endorses your use of the work.Any dispute arising under this licence shall be settled by arbitration in accordance with the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) Arbitration Rules 2012. The seat of arbitration shallbe Paris (France). The number of arbitrators shall be one. Preface State-owned enterprises (SOEs) play an important role in many economies, andoperateacross a rangeof sectors, including infrastructure, natural resources, energy, logistics, transportation, financial servicesand manufacturing. SOEs can providepublic goods and services that cannot be supplied by markets forcesalone, generaterevenue streams for governments,make investments to achieve a policy objective,supportdevelopment, and advance science and technological progress. State ownership of firms arises in several circumstances. SOEs could maintain legacy ownership in sectorsthat were once natural monopolies, for example to develop and extract natural resources. In otherinstances, governments have nationalised or temporarily acquired stakes in distressed firms, including dueto crises, such as the 2008 Financial Crisisand theCOVID-19 pandemic. Some jurisdictions have alsoleveraged SOEs to develop strategic industries. Governments shape SOE decision-making and structure as shareholders, policymakers and in manycases regulators. Sound corporate governance, professionalisedownership, integrity, transparency andaccountability are essential to address potential conflicts of interest, as well as the risks of corruption andillegal influence. This is particularly important to ensure SOEs remain effective in their mission andaccountable to citizens and taxpayers as theirultimate owners. TheOECDcompendium onOwnership and Governance of State-Owned Enterprises 2024accompaniesthe release of the new edition of the OECDGuidelines on Corporate Governance of State-OwnedEnterprises(theSO