2024年创造就业机会和地方经济发展：生成型人工智能的地理

THE GEOGRAPHY OF GENERATIVE AI Job Creation and LocalEconomic Development2024 THE GEOGRAPHY OF GENERATIVE AI This document, as well as any data and map included herein, are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty overany territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. The statistical data for Israel are supplied by and under the responsibility of the relevant Israeli authorities. The use ofsuch data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements inthe West Bank under the terms of international law. Note by the Republic of Türkiye The information in this document with reference to “Cyprus” relates to the southern part of the Island. There is no singleauthority representing both Turkish and Greek Cypriot people on the Island. Türkiye recognises the Turkish Republic ofNorthern Cyprus (TRNC). Until a lasting and equitable solution is found within the context of the United Nations, Türkiyeshall preserve its position concerning the “Cyprus issue”. Note by all the European Union Member States of the OECD and the European UnionThe Republic of Cyprus is recognised by all members of the United Nations with the exception of Türkiye. Theinformation in this document relates to the area under the effective control of the Government of the Republic of Cyprus. ISBN 978-92-64-56441-1 (print)ISBN 978-92-64-62866-3 (PDF)ISBN 978-92-64-34365-8 (HTML) Job Creation and Local Economic DevelopmentISSN 2617-4960 (print)ISSN 2617-4979 (online) Corrigenda to OECD publications may be found at: https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/support/corrigenda.html.© OECD 2024 Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)This work is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International licence. By using this work, you accept to be bound by the terms of this licence(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).Attribution– you must cite the work.Translations– you must cite the original work, identify changes to the original and add the following text:In the event of any discrepancy between the original work and thetranslation, only the text of original work should be considered valid.Adaptations– you must cite the original work and add the following text:This is an adaptation of an original work by the OECD. The opinions expressed and arguments employed inthis adaptation should not be reported as representing the official views of the OECD or of its Member countries.Third-party material– the licence does not apply to third-party material in the work. If using such material, you are responsible for obtaining permission from the third party and forany claims of infringement.You must not use the OECD logo, visual identity or cover image without express permission or suggest the OECD endorses your use of the work.Any dispute arising under this licence shall be settled by arbitration in accordance with the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) Arbitration Rules 2012. The seat of arbitration shallbe Paris (France). The number of arbitrators shall be one. Preface Over the last five years, OECD countries have shown remarkable labourmarket dynamism, withemployment rates at or near record-highs. In parallel, gender gaps in labour market participation havenarrowed in regions across the OECD. Strong labour demand has resulted in labour shortages in the most vibrant regions, while other regionscontinue to have untapped workforce potential. Similar disparities exist regarding labour productivity, withmany regions with low employment rates also exhibiting lower levelsof productivity. This edition of Job Creation and Local Economic Development provides new evidence on how the adventof Generative AI can contribute to closing these regional gaps, while continuing to boost economic growthin the most dynamic regions. Generative AI, in addition to automation and other digital breakthroughs,offers significant potential to boost productivity, particularly in urban areas where a third of workers expectto be able to complete many of their tasks twice as quickly. GenerativeAI can also help to address growinglabour shortages, especially in regions with an ageing population or that are experiencing populationdecline. Sound policies are needed for all regions to unlock the full potential of generative AI, particularly ruralregions that have further potential to boost jobs, productivity and incomes. Targeted programmes shouldfocus on addressingplace-specific obstacles, whether they relate to a region’s attractiveness to workersand capital, the quality of regional educationand training systems, or regulatory frameworks.Adequateinvestment in digital infrastructure, not least to address existing, and often significant, urban-rural dividesin access to high-speed internet, will also be needed. Through novel estimates for 35 OECDcountriesthat show the degree ofexposureof regional labourmarketsto Generative AI,