大哥本哈根地区第三国国民的流动性和综合劳动力市场

Mobility and Integrated LabourMarkets for Third-country Nationalsin Greater Copenhagen OECD Reviews on Local Job Creation Mobility and IntegratedLabour Marketsfor Third‑country Nationalsin Greater Copenhagen This document was produced with the financial assistance of the European Union. The views expressed herein can inno way be taken to reflect the official opinion of the European Union. This document, as well as any data and map included herein, are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty overany territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. ISBN 978-92-64-46719-4 (print)ISBN 978-92-64-39730-9 (PDF)ISBN 978-92-64-29713-5 (HTML) OECD Reviews on Local Job CreationISSN 2311-2328 (print)ISSN 2311-2336 (online) Corrigenda to OECD publications may be found at: https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/support/corrigenda.html.© OECD 2025 Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) This work is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International licence. By using this work, you accept to be bound by the terms of this licence(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).Attribution– you must cite the work.Translations– you must cite the original work, identify changes to the original and add the following text:In the event of any discrepancy between the original work and thetranslation, only the text of original work should be considered valid.Adaptations– you must cite the original work and add the following text:This is an adaptation of an original work by the OECD. The opinions expressed and arguments employed inthis adaptation should not be reported as representing the official views of the OECD or of its Member countries.Third-party material– the licence does not apply to third-party material in the work. If using such material, you are responsible for obtaining permission from the third party and forany claims of infringement.You must not use the OECD logo, visual identity or cover image without express permission or suggest the OECD endorses your use of the work.Any dispute arising under this licence shall be settled by arbitration in accordance with the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) Arbitration Rules 2012. The seat of arbitration shallbe Paris (France). The number of arbitrators shall be one. Foreword The Greater Copenhagen region is a pioneer in cross-border work andin many waysan example for othercross-border areas to learn from.Encompassingfour regions and 85 municipalities in southern Sweden andeastern Denmark, the region has seen substantial economic and labour market integration especially since theopening of the Oresund Bridge in 2000.Today, the region is a vital economic hub in Scandinavia,distinguished by its high employment and low unemployment rates, robust foreign direct investment, world-class education institutions and dynamic business ecosystems, particularly in life science and technology. Despite these achievements, the region has yet to fully realise its potential. Persistent barrierstocross-border mobilityhinder labour market integration and economic growth. As a result, cross-border commutingremainsrelatively low compared to other major EU cross-border regions.This is particularly true for third-country nationals (TCNs), who face additional obstacles to living and working across the Danish/Swedishborder including EU and national legislation governing work and residence permits. Moreover, the region’soverall positive labour market indicators conceal significant disparities, especially on the Swedish side. Inparticular, the Scania Region (6.6%) and the City of Malmö (6.9%) experience significantly higherunemployment rates compared to the Capital Region of Denmark (2.5%), with TCNs disproportionallyaffected. These high unemployment rates on the Swedish side stand in stark contrast to the increasinglabour and skills shortages observed in the Capital Region of Denmark. Addressing the barriers to cross-border labour mobility–both for TCNs and the general population–offersan opportunity to mitigate labour and skills shortages and foster economic growth in the region. However,achieving these outcomes requires a comprehensive approach involving both immediate and long-termactions. This reportaims to assist the Greater Copenhagen Region in enhancing its capacity to promote cross-border labour market inclusion It provides a thorough analysis of existing barriers to cross-border mobility,in particular for TCNs where the barriers have a significant impact. It also evaluates current mechanismsfor co-ordinating employment and skills policies across Denmark and Sweden, which can enhance labourmobility and inclusion in cross-border labour markets. The report highlights that TCNs in particularencounter unique challenges beyond traditional barriers such as taxation, social security and ID checks. Itpresents a series of administrative and legislative solutions that could significantly imp