东南亚可持续城市融资：多样化工具和利用私人投资

Financing Sustainable CitiesinSoutheast Asia Diversifying Instruments andLeveraging Private investment Financing Sustainable Citiesin Southeast Asia DIVERSIFYING INSTRUMENTS AND LEVERAGINGPRIVATE INVESTMENT This work is published under the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD. The opinions expressed andarguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of the Member countries of the OECD. This document, as well as any data and map included herein, are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty overany territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. ISBN 978-92-64-47995-1 (print)ISBN 978-92-64-57775-6 (PDF)ISBN 978-92-64-33200-3 (HTML) OECD Urban StudiesISSN 2707-3432 (print)ISSN 2707-3440 (online) Photo credits:Cover © EoNaYa/Getty Images Plus. Corrigenda to OECD publications may be found at: https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/support/corrigenda.html.© OECD 2025 Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) This work is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International licence. By using this work, you accept to be bound by the terms of this licence(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).Attribution– you must cite the work.Translations– you must cite the original work, identify changes to the original and add the following text:In the event of any discrepancy between the original work and thetranslation, only the text of original work should be considered valid.Adaptations– you must cite the original work and add the following text:This is an adaptation of an original work by the OECD. The opinions expressed and arguments employed inthis adaptation should not be reported as representing the official views of the OECD or of its Member countries.Third-party material– the licence does not apply to third-party material in the work. If using such material, you are responsible for obtaining permission from the third party and forany claims of infringement.You must not use the OECD logo, visual identity or cover image without express permission or suggest the OECD endorses your use of the work.Any dispute arising under this licence shall be settled by arbitration in accordance with the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) Arbitration Rules 2012. The seat of arbitration shallbe Paris (France). The number of arbitrators shall be one. Foreword Urbanisation is reshaping countries around the world.Overthe last 40 years,the global population livingin cities has more than doubled and is projected to reach 55%of total populationby 2050. This rapidurbanisation is driving significant demand for infrastructure, not only to accommodate growing populationbut also to respondto pressing challenges such as climate change. Financing sustainable urban development has never been moreurgent.Yet,traditional funding andfinancing mechanisms arefalling short of what is neededto meetsurgingdemand.Moreover, whileaggregateurban green finance data, such asgreen bond issuance by country and sector,are available,there islimited“place-based”data on where these investments are implemented, making it difficult toidentify where funding gaps are particularly acute or not. In 2023, the OECD published a report onFinancing Cities of Tomorrowfor the G20 Infrastructure WorkingGroup. The report underscored the need to make cities more inclusive, resilient, and sustainable, echoingpriorities raised by G20 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors under the Indian G20 Presidency.In line with the G20 Principles on Financing Cities of Tomorrow, the report laid out a framework toaccelerateurban infrastructure investment through more effective urban planning,greater privateinvestment, and expanded access to sustainable finance. Building on this OECD/G20 work, this new report onFinancing Sustainable Cities in Southeast Asiaturnsthe spotlight onrapidly urbanising ASEAN-5 countries in Southeast Asia (Indonesia, Malaysia, thePhilippines, Thailand, and Viet Nam).Throughananalysis of 129 sustainable urban development projectsacross fourkeygroups–buildings; urban transport; water, wastewater and waste management; andintegrated urban development–the report sheds light on how cities are funded and financed today.Eachprojectis examined individually, with particular attention to the financial instruments used, while theanalysis also draws ondeskresearchoninstitutional and legal frameworksshaping urban development inthe region. Key findingshighlight the need for(i)improvingpublicfinanceandother financialframeworkstoenable private investment in sustainable urban development,(ii)removing barriers and providingincentives to broadenthe rangeof funding sources and financing instruments for sustainable urbandevelopment, and (iii)strengthening urban planning and legal systems to leverage private investment forsustainable urban development. Whilethe report focuses on ASEAN-5 countries, many of the insights it offers reso