G20国家的无碳电力2025

Status and the way forward INTERNATIONAL ENERGYAGENCY The IEA examines the fullspectrumof energy issuesincluding oil, gas andcoal supply anddemand, renewableenergy technologies,electricity markets,energy efficiency,access to energy,demand sidemanagement and muchmore. Through its work,the IEA advocatespolicies that will enhancethe reliability,affordability andsustainability of energyin its32Member countries,13Association countriesand beyond. IEAMembercountries: IEAAssociationcountries: AustraliaAustriaBelgiumCanadaCzech RepublicDenmarkEstoniaFinlandFranceGermanyGreeceHungaryIrelandItalyJapanKoreaLatviaLithuaniaLuxembourgMexicoNetherlandsNew ZealandNorwayPolandPortugalSlovak RepublicSpainSwedenSwitzerlandRepublic of TürkiyeUnited KingdomUnited States ArgentinaBrazilChinaEgyptIndiaIndonesiaKenyaMoroccoSenegalSingaporeSouth AfricaThailandUkraine This publication and any mapincluded herein are withoutprejudice to the status of orsovereignty over any territory,to the delimitation ofinternational frontiers andboundaries and to the nameof any territory, city or area. The EuropeanCommission alsoparticipates in thework of the IEA Source: IEA.International Energy AgencyWebsite: www.iea.org Abstract In 2024, the Republic of Korea proposed the Carbon-Free Energy (CFE) Initiativeto promote the use of technology-neutral, carbon-free energy to decarbonise theenergy sector. In line with this initiative, Korea’s Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy (MOTIE)commissioned this report to analyse the status and prospects of carbon-freeenergyin the electricity sector in G20 countries,and to provide policyrecommendations to advance its progress. The International Energy Agency (IEA) and the Korea Energy Economics Institute(KEEi) jointly produced this report. Acknowledgements, contributorsand credits The International Energy Agency (IEA) and the Korea Energy Economics Institute(KEEi) prepared this report. Leading the project was Dennis Hesseling, Head ofthe IEA Gas, Coal and Power (GCP) Markets Division. Dr Sanglim Lee of the KEEiprovided valuable guidance throughout the process. The following IEA analysts participated in the study. Martin Strand Husek was thelead author; Brent Wanner, Eric Fabozzi and Nikolaos Papastefanakis wrote thechapter on levelised costs of electricity, while Isaac Portugal and Esra BozkirBroekman contributed the section on integration of variable renewables. ErenÇam and Carlos Fernández Alvarez co-ordinated the report and the publicationprocess. Keisuke Sadamori, Director of Energy Markets and Security at the IEA, andProfessor Youngduk Pak provided expert comments and senior guidance. The authors are grateful to the IEA Communications and Digital Office, notablyAstrid Dumond, Liv Gaunt and Clara Vallois for their support in producing andpromoting this report. Kristine Douaud edited the report. Table of contents Chapter 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................ 6What is carbon-free energy?...................................................................................................... 6Differences among G20 countries.............................................................................................. 6Chapter 2. Comprehensive status and policy overviews............................................... 14Chapter 3. Levelised cost of electricity ............................................................................ 48Overview .................................................................................................................................. 48Introduction to LCOE................................................................................................................ 48Global costs by technology ...................................................................................................... 50Classifying carbon-free technology costs ................................................................................ 61Chapter 4. G20 country clusters ....................................................................................... 63Introduction to screening criteria .............................................................................................. 63Country groups by screening criteria ....................................................................................... 69Chapter 5. Policy recommendations to boost carbon-free energy uptake .................. 83Policy recommendations for all clusters................................................................................... 83Policy recommendations per cluster ........................................................................................ 92Annexes ............................................................................................................................. 100 Chapter 1. Introduction Decarbonising our electricity systems and electrifying energy demand currentlybeing met