评估灾害和流行病风险融资的有利环境：国家诊断工具包

ASSESSING THE ENABLINGENVIRONMENT FOR DISASTERAND PANDEMIC RISK FINANCING A COUNTRY DIAGNOSTICS TOOL KIT MARCH 2025 ASSESSING THE ENABLINGENVIRONMENT FOR DISASTERAND PANDEMIC RISK FINANCING A COUNTRY DIAGNOSTICS TOOL KIT MARCH 2025 Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO license (CC BY 3.0 IGO) © 2025 Asian Development Bank6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong City, 1550 Metro Manila, PhilippinesTel +63 2 632 4444; Fax +63 2 636 2444www.adb.org Some rights reserved. Published in 2025. ISBN 978-92-9277-248-2 (print), 978-92-9277-249-9 (PDF), 978-92-9277-250-5 (ebook)Publication Stock No. TIM250104-2DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/TIM250104-2 The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views andpolicies of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) or its Board of Governors or the governments they represent. ADB does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility for anyconsequence of their use. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers does not imply that theyare endorsed or recommended by ADB in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. By making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area, or by using the term“country” in this document, ADB does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of anyterritory or area. This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO license (CC BY 3.0 IGO)https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/. By using the content of this publication, you agree to be boundby the terms of this license. For attribution, translations, adaptations, and permissions, please read the provisionsand terms of use at https://www.adb.org/terms-use#openaccess. This CC license does not apply to non-ADB copyright materials in this publication. If the material is attributedto another source, please contact the copyright owner or publisher of that source for permission to reproduce it.ADB cannot be held liable for any claims that arise as a result of your use of the material. Please contact pubsmarketing@adb.org if you have questions or comments with respect to content, or if you wishto obtain copyright permission for your intended use that does not fall within these terms, or for permission to usethe ADB logo. Corrigenda to ADB publications may be found at http://www.adb.org/publications/corrigenda. Note: In this publication, “$” refers to United States dollars. Cover design by Edith Creus. Photos (clockwise from top):Coronavirus disease pandemic. Medical technicians test the equipment insidethe Pandemic Sub-National Reference Laboratory at the Jose B. Lingad Memorial Hospital in San Fernando,Pampanga;Typhoon Ketsana (Ondoy). A month’s worth of rainfall in a single day washed away homesand flooded large areas, killing hundreds and stranding thousands in Metro Manila and nearby provinces;Nepal earthquake. The 2015 earthquake damaged many school buildings in the Sindhupalchowk district(photos by the Asian Development Bank). Contents Acknowledgments Executive Summaryvii 1.Introduction1 1.1Disaster and Pandemic Risk Financing: Objectives11.2Pandemic and Severe Epidemic Risk Financing21.3The Country Diagnostics Framework41.4Application of the Country Diagnostics Framework7 2.The Six Axes of the Enabling Environment8 2.1Government Policy82.2Economic Conditions and Other Support Functions112.3Product Availability and Affordability142.4Credibility of Insurance and Capital Market Stakeholders162.5Social Protection Policy202.6Competition to the Formal Sector from Informal and Unlicensed Providers222.7Presentation of the Diagnostic Results24 3.Critical Opportunities to Enhance the Enabling Environment for Disaster27Risk Financing Appendixes 1Assessment of the State of Sovereign Disaster (Including Epidemic and29Pandemic) Risk Financing Coverage—Questions for the Ministries of Finance2Disaster Risk Financing—The Enabling Environment Questionnaire37for Insurance, Reinsurance, and Capital Market Solutions3Assessment of the State of Sovereign Epidemic and Pandemic Risk45Financing Coverage—Questions for the Ministries of Finance4Pandemic Risk Financing—The Enabling Environment Questionnaire53for Insurance, Reinsurance, and Capital Market Solutions5Tools for Insurance, Reinsurance, and Capital Market Solutions60in Disaster Risk Financing GlossaryReferences 77 Foreword The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic made clear that disaster risk financingoptions must consider pandemics, which, like natural hazards, can cause widespreadeconomicandsocialdisruption.Includingpandemicsindisasterriskplanningensurestimely financial support to mitigate impacts and enhance resilience. Indeed, epidemics andpandemics are one of the most severe forms of disaster, with far-reaching impacts on publichealth, economies, and societies. Unlike disasters such as earthquakes and floods, whichtend to affect spec