Circular Value Chains of Electrical and Electronic Equipment in ASEAN

Edited by Keita OikawaFusanori Iwasaki Circular Value Chains of Electrical andElectronic Equipment in ASEAN Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA)Sentral Senayan II 6thFloorJalan Asia Afrika No. 8, Gelora Bung KarnoSenayan, Jakarta Pusat 10270Indonesia © Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and EastAsia, 2023ERIA Research Project ReportFY2023No.18Published inDecember 2023 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, ortransmitted in any form by any means electronic or mechanical without prior written notice to andpermission from ERIA. The findings, interpretations, conclusions, and views expressed in their respective chapters are entirelythose of the author/s and do not reflect the views and policies of the Economic Research Institute forASEAN and East Asia, its Governing Board, Academic Advisory Council, or the institutions andgovernments they represent. Any error in content or citation in the respective chapters is the soleresponsibility of the author/s. Material in thispublication may be freely quoted or reprinted with proper acknowledgement. List ofAuthors Keita Oikawa Economist, Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA) Fusanori IwasakiDirector for Policy Research and SeniorResearch Associate, ERIA Ryosuke InoueSenior Analyst, Mitsubishi UFJ Research and Consulting (MURC) Shun SakodaAnalyst, MURC Atsushi SonoharaAnalyst, MURC Jun MuranakaAnalyst, MURC Shingo KanezawaAnalyst, MURC Sho SugiyamaAnalyst, MURC Table of Contents List of AuthorsiiiList of FiguresvList of TablesviExecutive SummaryviiIntroduction1Chapter 1Circular Value Chains of Electrical and Electronic Equipment in ASEAN1Chapter 2Legal Systems andStandards for Improving the Electric and ElectronicEquipment Circular Value Chains of ASEAN and Beyond37Chapter 3International Rules and Standards on the Trade of Used Electrical andElectronic Equipment and E-Waste59Chapter 4Improving theCircular Value Chain of Electrical and ElectronicEquipment78Chapter 5Circular Economy Strategies and Plans in ASEAN102Chapter 6Policy Recommendations107 List of Figures Circular Value Chains–A Model3Circular Value Chain of Televisions, Refrigerators, Washing Machines, and AirConditioners in Japan, 20205Circular Value Chain of Small Home Appliances in Japan, 20206Circular Value Chain of Multifunction Printers in Japan7Circular Value Chain of Electrical and Electronic Equipment in ASEAN12Exports of Second-Hand Air Conditioners from Japan to ASEAN, 202214Exports of Second-Hand Refrigerators from Japan to ASEAN, 202215Exports of Second-Hand CRT Monitors from Japan to ASEAN, 202215Exports of Second-Hand LCD Televisions from Japan to ASEAN, 202216Exports of Copper Scraps from ASEAN, 202118Exports of AluminiumScraps from ASEAN, 202119Exports of Precious Metal Scraps from ASEAN, 202120Export of E-Waste from ASEAN, Based on the Basel Convention, 202121Gaps in the ASEAN Electric and Electronic Equipment Circular Value Chain32Overview of the Waste-Related Legal System in Japan37Value Chain in Japan’s Waste-Related Legal System41Overview of the European Union’s Waste-Related Legal System42Value Chain in theEuropean Union’s Waste-Related Legal System44Waste-Related Legal System in Brunei Darussalam45Waste-Related Legal System in Cambodia46Waste-Related Legal System in Indonesia47Waste-Related Legal System in the Lao People’s Democratic Republic48Waste-Related Legal System in Malaysia49Waste-Related Legal System in Myanmar50Waste-Related Legal System in the Philippines51Waste-Related Legal System in Singapore52Waste-Related Legal System in Thailand53Waste-Related Legal System in Viet Nam54Improving the Value Chain through the Waste-Related Legal System55 Figure 1.1Figure1.2Figure 1.3Figure 1.4Figure 1.5Figure 1.6Figure 1.7Figure 1.8Figure 1.9Figure 1.10Figure 1.11Figure 1.12Figure 1.13Figure 1.14Figure 2.1Figure 2.2Figure 2.3Figure 2.4Figure 2.5Figure 2.6Figure 2.7Figure 2.8Figure 2.9Figure 2.10Figure 2.11Figure 2.12Figure 2.13Figure 2.14Figure 2.15 List of Tables Table 1.1Examples of Environmental Pollution and Health Damage due to ImproperRecycling in ASEAN17Table 1.2Processes and Actors of the Electrical and Electronic Equipment CircularValue Chain in ASEAN23Table 2.1EstablishedWaste-Related Acts in Japan39Table 2.2Established Waste-Related Acts in the European Union43Table 3.1Overview of E-Waste and Used Electrical and Electronic Equipment ImportRegulations in ASEAN61Table 3.2Articles Related to Recovered Goodsand Remanufactured Goods UnitedStates Free Trade Agreement66Table 4.1Databases and Reports Referenced in This Chapter78Table 4.2Business Cases Related to Reuse, Refurbishment, Repair, and Remand81Table 4.3Business Cases Related toRecycling84Table 4.4Values, Issues Solved, and Enablers Business Cases Related to Reuse90Table 4.5Values, Issues Solved, and Enablers of Business Cases Related to Repair91Table 4.6Values, Issue Solved, and Enablers of Business Case