Survey for Framework Building of ‘People-Centric’ Smart City Model in ASEAN Countries

Edited by Fumitaka MachidaKeita OikawaYoichiro HatakeyamaKazuhiko OnoChisa UhiraKumiko Horiba Survey for Framework Building of ‘People-Centric’ Smart City Model in ASEAN Countries Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA)Sentral Senayan II 6thFloorJalan Asia Afrika No. 8, Gelora Bung KarnoSenayan, Jakarta Pusat 10270Indonesia © Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia, 2023ERIA Research Project Report FY2023 No. 24Published in February 2024 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, ortransmitted in any form by any means electronic or mechanical without prior written notice to andpermission from ERIA. The findings, interpretations, conclusions, and views expressed in their respective chapters are entirelythose of the author/s and do not reflect the views and policies of the Economic Research Institute forASEAN and East Asia, its Governing Board, Academic Advisory Council, or the institutions andgovernments they represent. Any error in content or citation in the respective chapters is the soleresponsibility of the author/s. Material in this publication may be freely quoted or reprinted with proper acknowledgement. Table of Contents List of FiguresviiList of TablesxiExecutive SummaryxiiChapter 1Introduc�on1Chapter 2Smart City Initiatives in ASEAN-6 Countries27Chapter 3Applicability of the People-Centric Smart City Modelin ASEAN Cities35Chapter 4Singapore64Chapter 5Thailand89Chapter 6Malaysia116Chapter 7Indonesia143Chapter 8Philippines171Chapter 9Viet Nam197Chapter 10Conclusion and Next Step223References241Annexes242 List of Figures Figure 1.1Definition and Flow of the PCSC Model3Figure 1.2Three Layers of Essential Factors and Stakeholders for People-Centred Smart City Implementation5Figure 1.3Objective and Methodology7Figure 1.4Objective and Approach of Web Survey on Citizens10Figure 1.5Key Measures11Figure 1.6Analysis Flow Identification of Components of Well-Being orHappiness13Figure 1.7Fundamental Elements in Daily Life (53 items)15Figure 1.8Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs18Figure 1.9Analysis Flow with Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs19Figure 1.10Analysis Flow with Cluster analysis21Figure 1.11Diginography Flow24Figure 2.1Prioritised Areas of Smart City Initiatives in each ASEAN Country34Figure 3.1Existence of WILL/SOFT/HARD38Figure 3.2Landscape of Survey39Figure 3.3ASEAN–Well-Being or Happiness of Citizens, Satisfaction andIntention to Continue Living in the City48Figure 3.4ASEAN – Gap Analysis of Areas (Radar Chart)42Figure 3.5ASEAN – Current Level of Citizen Satisfaction and Importance byArea (Scatter Plot)43Figure 3.6Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Framework44Figure 3.7Consideration from Macro Indicators45Figure 3.8ASEAN – Gap Analysis of Areas (Maslow’s Framework)46Figure 3.9Attributes Lists Under 7 Factors48Figure 3.10ASEAN – Path model to Identify Factors for Citizen's Well-Being orHappiness67Figure 3.11Factors List to Contribute to Well-Being or Happiness52Figure 3.12Comparison of Key Measures 6 ASEAN Countries54Figure 3.13Comparison of Key Measures to Judge the Willingness of Citizen forPCSC56 Figure 3.14Figure 3.15Figure 3.16Figure 3.17Figure 3.18Figure 3.19Figure 4.1Figure 4.2Figure 4.3Figure 4.4Figure 4.5Figure 4.6Figure 4.7Figure 4.8Figure 4.9Figure 4.10Figure 4.11Figure 4.12Figure 4.13Figure 4.14Figure 4.15Figure 4.16Figure 4.17Figure 4.18Figure 4.19Figure 4.20Figure 5.1Figure 5.2 ASEAN – Activities to Participate to Improve Community57ASEAN – Important Areas for Digitalisation58ASEAN – Hurdles for Incorporating Opinions59ASEAN – Willingness to Use Town Services61ASEAN Citizen Cluster for People-Centred Smart Cities62ASEANCitizen Cluster Happiness&Participation to ImproveCommunity63Singapore – PCSC Pattern 165Singapore – Key Findings on PCSC from Stakeholder Interviews68Singapore – Happiness of Citizens, Satisfaction, and Intention toContinue Living in the City70Singapore – Gap Analysis of Areas (Radar Chart)72Singapore – Current Level of Citizen Satisfaction and Importance byArea (Scatter Plot)73Singapore – Gap Analysis of Areas (Maslow’s Framework)74Singapore – Path Model to Identify Factors for Citizen's Well-Being orHappiness75Singapore – Activities to Participate to Improve Community76Singapore – Important Areas for Digitalisation77Singapore – Hurdles for Incorporating Opinions78Singapore – Willingness to Use Town Services79Singapore – Citizen cluster for People-Centred Smart Cities80Singapore – Citizen Cluster Demographics81Singapore – Citizen Cluster Key Measures82Singapore – Mapping of Citizen Cluster Top Activities Participation toImprove Community83Singapore – Citizen Cluster Activities to Improve Community84Singapore – Citizen Opinion from Diginography85Singapore: Citizen’s Voice for Happiness Factor #187Singapore – Citizen’s Voice for Happiness Factor #287Singapore – Citizen’s Voice for Happiness Factor #388Thailand – People-Centred Smart Cities Pattern 190Thailand–Key findings on People-Centred Sma