2024生物多样性与经济发展的相互依存关系研究报告英文版

Birds of a Feather Institut Montaigne is a leading independent think tank based in Paris.Our pragmatic research and ideas aim to help governments, industryand societies to adapt to our complex world. Institut Montaigne'spublications and events focus on major economic, societal, technological,environmental and geopolitical changes. We aim to serve the publicinterest through instructive analysis on French and European publicpolicies and by providing an open and safe space for rigorous policydebate. Biodiversityand the Economy Birds of a Feather Institut Montaigne’s reports are comprehensiveanalyses that result from collective reflection.They aim to put forward long-term solutionsto today's most pressing public policy challenges. ReportDeep-diveanalyses andlong-term policysolutions ExplainerTo understandthe worldin whichwe operate PolicyPaperTo providepracticalrecommenda-tions IssuePaperTo breakdown thekey challengesfacing societies ExclusiveInsightsUnique data-driven analysesand practicalscenario exercises Summary8 Summary of Recommendations12 Introduction15 Biodiversity Is Under Threat24 1.1.Framework 1: The Five Pressures on Biodiversity24 a.Changes in Use of Land and Sea26b.Pollution29c.Overexploited Resources33d.Invasive Alien Species39e.Climate Change41 1.2.Framework 2: Planetary Boundaries, The Last Red Line?47a.Planetary Boundaries: Genesis of a Concept47b.Climate and Biodiversity: Synergies to Develop57 Our Economic Prosperity Is DirectlyDependent on Biodiversity61 2.1.Our Dependence on Nature Is Dangerously Invisible63 a.Ecosystem Services: An Inescapable Reality63b.Dependence on Biodiversity Is Underestimated:The Example of Health66c.Ecosystem Services: Pricing the Priceless?69 2.2.Measuring the Impact of Businesses on Biodiversity:A Prerequisite for Action75a.The Thorny Search for a Single Biodiversity Indicator75b.A Double Pitfall for Businesses: Inactionand Fragmentation87 3Businesses Are Key Protagonistsin Combating Biodiversity Loss92 3.1.A Growing Mobilization of Financial Institutionsand Businesses, Supported by Shared ActionFrameworks92a.From Reporting to Business Model Transformation92b.Application Frameworks for Assessingthe Commitment of Economic Playerswith Regards to Biodiversity99 3.2.Biodiversity, Cornerstone of Business Resilience108 a.A Risk-Based Approach Is Necessary but Insufficient108b.Turning Constraints into Opportunities112c.How to Value What We Know Little About?120 Public Authorities Must SupportCollective Action125 4.1.Regulating Without Restricting: The Need forLegal Certainty125a.Achieving the Financial Goals of theKunming-Montreal Global BiodiversityFramework (GBF)125b.Strengthening the Effectiveness of EnvironmentalLaw133 4.2.Encourage and Support136 a.Effective incentives: An Exemplary State,the Driving Force Behind Private Sector Initiatives136b.Anticipating Crises and Opportunities:For a Multi-Stakeholder Territorial BiodiversityProject141 Conclusion149 Bibliography173 Acknowledgements186 Summary This report is based on a twofold observation: the rapid collapse of bio-diversity due to human activities, and the chronic underestimation of theeffects of this collapse on the resilience of societies. Marked by mass species extinction, a reduction in genetic diversity, andthe degradation of ecosystems, the accelerating erosion of biodiversity isprimarily due to five human-driven pressures: changes in land use, ove-rexploitation of resources, pollution, climate change, and invasive alienspecies. These pressures, and the resulting decline in biodiversity, ultima-tely threaten the Earth's habitability for the human species. While 50% of the world's GDP directly depends on biodiversity, the signi-ficance of its erosion remains poorly understood. Furthermore, it is oftenovershadowed by the climate crisis, which is better recognized due to theexistence of aggregate indicators to quantify it. The overrepresentation ofclimate issues in public debate sometimes leads to an underestimationof the efforts needed to preserve biodiversity. The fight against climatechange can, in fact, lead to the implementation of solutions that inad-vertently harm biodiversity, further hindering the crucial role biodiver-sity plays in regulating the climate, such as mitigation and adaptationsolutions to climate change, including carbon sequestration, reductionof drought and erosion risks, etc. This underestimation is due to conceptual and methodological challen-ges. On a conceptual level, the notion of human beings as living in anurban environment, entirely separate from the ecosystems from whichthey exploit resources and derive benefits, reduces nature to a disem-bodied concept, and fosters various social and political fantasies. From amethodological perspective, the difficulty in defining aggregate indica-tors to quantify the services provided by nature, as well as the positiveor negative impacts of human activities, has contributed to inaction orfragmented efforts