从雄心到行动：能源补贴改革的实践启示2024

FROM AMBITION TO ACTIONPublic Disclosure Authorized Practical Insights on Energy Subsidy Reforms ENERGY SUBSIDY REFORM IN ACTION FROM AMBITION TO ACTION Practical Insights on Energy Subsidy Reforms Defne Gencer and Beatriz Arizu ABOUT ESMAP The Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP) is a partnership between the World Bankandover 20 partnersto help low- and middle-income countries reduce poverty and boost growththrough sustainable energy solutions. ESMAP’s analytical and advisory services are fully integrated withinthe World Bank’s country financing and policy dialogue in the energy sector. Through the WB, ESMAPworks to accelerate the energy transition required to achieveSustainable Development Goal 7(SDG7),which ensures access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all. It helps shape WBstrategies and programs to achieve theWB Climate Change Action Plantargets. Learn more at:https://www.esmap.org. © 2024 October | International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433Telephone: 202-473-1000; Internet: www.worldbank.orgSome rights reserved. ABOUT THIS SERIES This report is part of the “Energy Subsidy Reform in Action” series produced by the ESMAP EnergySubsidy Reform Facility, with the objective of drawing insights from recent experiences and emergingapproaches related to reform of energy subsidies in developing countries. The series includes issue-specific reports from various relevant domains such as energy sector reform, macroeconomic and fiscalpolicy, carbon pricing, poverty and distributional analysis, social protection, political economy, andcommunications. Rights and Permissions The material in this work is subject to copyright. Because the World Bank encourages dissemination ofits knowledge, this work may be reproduced, in whole or in part, for noncommercial purposes if fullattribution to this work is given. Any queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should beaddressed to World Bank Publications, World Bank Group, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA;fax: +1-202-522-2625; e-mail: pubrights@worldbank.org. Furthermore, the ESMAP Program Managerwould appreciate receiving a copy of the publication that uses this publication for its source sent in care ofthe address above, or to esmap@worldbank.org. This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO license (CC BY 3.0 IGO)http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo. Under the Creative Commons Attribution license, youare free to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt this work, including for commercial purposes, under thefollowing conditions: Attribution—Defne Gencer and Beatriz Arizu. 2024. From Ambition to Action: Practical Insights on EnergySubsidy Reforms. Energy Subsidy Reform in Action Series. ESMAP Report. Washington, DC: World Bank.License: Creative Commons Attribution CC BY 3.0 IGO. Third-Party Content—The World Bank does not necessarily own each component of the contentcontained within the work and does not warrant that the use of any third-party owned individual componentor part contained in the work will not infringe on the rights of those third parties. If you wish to reusea component of the work, it is your responsibility to determine whether permission is needed for thatreuse and to obtain permission from the copyright owner. Examples of components can include, but arenot limited to, tables, figures, or images. Production Credits Designer | Laura C. Johnson Contents Abbreviationsvi Forewordvii Acknowledgmentsix Key Findingsxi Executive Summary xiv xxiv Supporting Developing Countries intheir Reform Efforts2About This Report: Objectives, Scope, and Approach5Report Structure6 2Energy Subsidy Reform: Emerging Approaches and Insights fromRecent Research 10 The Why: Background to the Review11The What: Review of Emerging Approaches and Analyses in Energy Subsidy Reform11The How: Review of Main Findings and Evidence From Recent Research12What Next: Key Takeaways and Areas for Future Work14 3Analytical Foundations for Reforms: Core Energy Sector Analyses16 The Why: Background to the Review17The What: Stocktaking of ESRF-Funded Activities in the Energy Sector17The How: Deep Dive into Approaches Under Energy Sector Analyses19The What Next: Considerations for Sector-Specific Analyses23 4SubsidizingBottledGas:ApproachesandEffectsonHouseholdUse26 The Why: Background to the Analysis27The What: Understanding Approaches to Subsidizing Bottled Gas27The How: Review of Approaches to Subsidizing Bottled Gas28The What Next: Key Takeaways and Areas for Future Work30 5Macroeconomic Modeling for Energy Subsidy Reforms32 The Why: Background to the Analysis33The What: Review of Macromodeling Approaches34The How: Observations on Model Designs, Findings, and Contribution to Reforms35The What Next: Key Takeaways and reas for Future Work37 6Total Carbon Pricing for Energy Consumption38The Why: Backgr