2024年抗生素生产废水和固体废物管理指南报告

Guidance onwastewaterand solid wastemanagement formanufacturingof antibiotics Guidance on wastewater and solid waste management for manufacturing of antibiotics ISBN 978-92-4-009725-4 (electronic version)ISBN 978-92-4-009726-1 (print version) © World Health Organization 2024 Some rights reserved. This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO licence (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo). Under the terms of this licence, you may copy, redistribute and adapt the work for non-commercial purposes,provided the work is appropriately cited, as indicated below. In any use of this work, there should be nosuggestion that WHO endorses any specific organization, products or services. The use of the WHO logo isnot permitted. If you adapt the work, then you must license your work under the same or equivalent CreativeCommons licence. If you create a translation of this work, you should add the following disclaimer along withthe suggested citation:“This translation was not created by the World Health Organization (WHO). WHO is notresponsible for the content or accuracy of this translation. The original English edition shall be the binding andauthentic edition”. Any mediation relating to disputes arising under the licence shall be conducted in accordance with themediation rules of the World Intellectual Property Organization (http://www.wipo.int/amc/en/mediation/rules/). Suggested citation.Guidance on wastewater and solid waste management for manufacturing of antibiotics.Geneva: World Health Organization; 2024. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. Cataloguing-in-Publication (CIP) data.CIP data are available at https://iris.who.int/. Sales, rights and licensing.To purchase WHO publications, see https://www.who.int/publications/book-orders.To submit requests for commercial use and queries on rights and licensing, see https://www.who.int/copyright. Third-party materials.If you wish to reuse material from this work that is attributed to a third party, such astables, figures or images, it is your responsibility to determine whether permission is needed for that reuse andto obtain permission from the copyright holder. The risk of claims resulting from infringement of any third-party-owned component in the work rests solely with the user. General disclaimers.The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do notimply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of WHO concerning the legal status of any country,territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dottedand dashed lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsedor recommended by WHO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors andomissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. All reasonable precautions have been taken by WHO to verify the information contained in this publication.However, the published material is being distributed without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied.The responsibility for the interpretation and use of the material lies with the reader. In no event shall WHO beliable for damages arising from its use. Design and layout by Gusto Design. Contents List of tables, figures and boxesiiiAcknowledgementsivAcronyms and abbreviationsvi 2Conceptual framework7 3Assessment against targets11 3.1Targets143.1.1Liquid effluent: PNECs for antibiotics153.1.2Liquid effluent: antibiotic-resistant bacteria153.1.3Solid waste: antibiotics and antibiotic-resistant bacteria173.1.4Zero liquid discharges17 3.2Estimation and measurement of antibiotic concentrations183.2.1Mass balance estimation of effluent concentration (ECM)183.2.2Chemical analyses of effluent concentration (ECA)203.2.3Applying dilution factors20 3.3Assessment against targets213.3.1Liquid effluent213.3.2Solid waste243.3.3Zero liquid discharge24 4Process risk management plans25 4.1System assessment26 4.1.1Establish a team264.1.2Map the production system and waste flows284.1.3Identify hazards for antibiotic release284.1.4Verify effectiveness of existing controls294.1.5Identify and implement system improvements29 4.3Management and communication32 4.3.1Standard operating procedures (SOPs) and emergency responseplans(ERPs)4.3.2Internal training and communication324.3.3Public transparency and external communication33 4.4Review and update33 Acknowledgements This document was prepared by the World Health Organization (WHO) Steering Committee in collaboration with theUnited Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and with the listed expert contributors, and taking into considerationwritten and verbal inputs from submitters to the public consultation and hearin