动力转换

Power Shift How Virtual Power PlantsUnlock Cleaner, More AffordableElectricity Systems POWER SHIFT:HOWVIRTUAL POWER PLANTSUNLOCK CLEANER,MORE AFFORDABLEELECTRICITYSYSTEMS Authors and Contributors Authors Jacob BeckerKevin BrehmJesse CohenTyler FitchLauren Shwisberg About RMI RMI is an independent nonprofit, founded in 1982 as Rocky Mountain Institute, thattransforms global energy systems through market-driven solutions to align with a 1.5°Cfuture and secure a clean, prosperous, zero-carbon future for all. We work in the world’s mostcritical geographies and engage businesses, policymakers, communities, and NGOs to identifyand scale energy system interventions that will cut climate pollution at least 50 percent by2030. RMI has offices in Basalt and Boulder, Colorado; New York City; Oakland, California;Washington, D.C.; Abuja, Nigeria; and Beijing. Authors listed alphabetically.All authors from RMI. RMI Contributors Adam BeitmanMark DysonLiza MartinBrett Webster About VP3 Virtual Power Plant Partnership, or VP3, is a coalition of nonprofit and industry voices thatseeks to shift the necessary policies, regulations, and market rules to unlock the market forvirtual power plants (VPPs). Our members span hardware and software technology solutionproviders, distributed energy resources (DER) aggregators, nonprofits, and others. A robustVPP market expands the possibilities for all DERs — empowering households, businesses, andcommunities to play a role in the energy transition alongside technology solution providers.Learn more atvp3.io. Contacts Tyler Fitch,tyler.fitch@rmi.orgKevin Brehm,kbrehm@rmi.orgLauren Shwisberg,lshwisberg@rmi.org POWER SHIFT:HOWVIRTUAL POWER PLANTSUNLOCK CLEANER,MORE AFFORDABLEELECTRICITYSYSTEMS Acknowledgements Acknowledgments Copyrights and Citation Tyler Fitch, Jacob Becker, Kevin Brehm, Jesse Cohen, and LaurenShwisberg,Power Shift: How Virtual Power Plants Unlock Cleaner,More Affordable Electricity Systems, RMI, 2024,https://rmi.org/insight/power-shift. RMI would like to thank Google for providing funding to support thiswork. The findings presented in this work were independently derived byRMI, and RMI is solely responsible for the views expressed. The authors thank the following individuals for graciously offering theirinsight to this work. Inclusion on this list does not indicate endorsementof the report’s findings. RMI values collaboration and aims to accelerate the energytransition through sharing knowledge and insights. We thereforeallow interested parties to reference, share, and cite our workthrough the Creative Commons CC BY-SA 4.0 license.https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ •Rizwan Naveed, Google•Keven Brough, Renew Home•Jeff Gleeson, Renew Home•Kerri Maddock, Google•Will Baker, Renew Home•David Alspector, Tierra Resource Consultants•Ryan Hledik, Brattle Group•Angela Kent, EnergyHub•Vasudha Lathey, Olivine Inc. All images used are from iStock.com unless otherwise noted. In addition, the authors would like to acknowledge the VP3 memberswho provided input and feedback on an earlier version of this report.While VP3 members provided valuable insight, the content of thisreport is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not reflect theperspectives of VP3 members. POWER SHIFT:HOWVIRTUAL POWER PLANTSUNLOCK CLEANER,MORE AFFORDABLEELECTRICITYSYSTEMS Table of Contents Executive Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5Background. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9VPPs’ Role in Affordable, Reliable Decarbonization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14VPPs’ Nationwide Carbon Savings Potential. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22Maximizing the VPP Power Shift. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29Endnotes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40 POWER SHIFT:HOW VIRTUAL POWER PLANTSUNLOCK CLEANER, MORE AFFORDABLEELECTRICITY SYSTEMS ExecutiveSummary As multiple grid challenges emerge, virtual power plants (VPPs) present aflexible, deployable solution for managing grid needs. Today’s grid operators andplanners face interrelated challenges todelivering reliable, affordable electricityto ratepayers, from growing projectedloads and retiring generation capacityto clogged interconnection queues andincreasing high-impact, low-probabilityweather events. VPPs, which couldconstitute over 20% of US peakcapacity by 2030,1are uniquely suitedto meet these challenges by leveragingexisting