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超预期幅度降息但指引偏鹰 叶丙南, Ph.D(852) 3761 8967yebingnan@cmbi.com.hk 美联储以超预期50个基点降息开启宽松周期,在决议声明中强调就业目标,显示防止就业市场进一步放缓的决心。点阵图对美国经济预测仍然乐观,小幅下调对今年GDP增速和今明两年PCE通胀预测,小幅上调对今明两年失业率预测,预测更多降息从明年前移至今年。鲍威尔在记者会上释放鹰派信号,强调此次降息是预防性措施,并不意味着未来继续大幅降息。美股冲高回落,国债收益率和美元指数先跌后涨,部分投资者选择“卖事实”。此次降息将提振经济预期和资产价格,但可能延长通胀降至目标的时间。预计美联储今年可能仍有2次合计50个基点降息,明年可能有4次合计100个基点降息。美元降息将增加国际流动性供应,降低国际资金成本,推动收益率曲线陡峭化。美元降息将随着美欧和美日经济增速差收窄,可能带动美元指数温和回落,利好新兴市场货币与股市,但利好程度仍要看新兴市场自身经济基本面和投资回报率前景。美元降息周期将提振人民币汇率,减轻汇率对中国利率政策制约,对港股提振作用大于A股。 刘泽晖(852) 3761 8957frankliu@cmbi.com.hk 美联储超预期幅度降息,但指引偏鹰派。美联储在9月议息会议宣布降息50个基点,联邦基金利率目标降至4.75%-5%。FOMC决议声明称“委员会致力于支持充分就业以及让通胀回到2%目标”,将就业目标置于通胀目标之前,显示防止就业市场大幅放缓的决心。点阵图对美国经济预测依然乐观,今年GDP增速预测从2.1%下调至2%,明年GDP增速预测维持在2%,今明两年PCE通胀预测分别从2.6%和2.3%降至2.3%和2.1%,核心PCE通胀预测分别从2.8%和2.3%降至2.6%和2.2%,失业率预测分别从4%和4.2%升至4.4%和4.3%。多数官员认为年内再降息50个基点(9位)或25个基点(7位),少数官员认为年内不再降息(2位)和再降息75个基点(1位),对今年底和明年底联邦基金利率的预测中值分别为4.4%和3.4%。鲍威尔在记者会释放偏鹰派信号,他表示本次降息是预防性措施,并不意味着50个基点降息是新的节奏。他重申缩表将继续,因银行储备流动性依然充足。 此次降息幅度存在争议。市场对此次降息幅度存在较大争议,FOMC利率决定也自2005年9月以来首次出现反对票。一周前CME观察工具显示市场预期此次降息50个基点概率仅为34%,但很快《华尔街日报》和《金融时报》资深美联储报道记者发文暗示降息50个基点可能性,市场对降息50个基点概率快速升至63%。从历史经验来看,以50个基点降息开启宽松周期往往对应经济衰退风险或金融危机威胁,但目前美国经济放缓仍属温和,距离衰退仍有安全距离。目前经济环境更像1995年,当时美联储选择以25个基点开启宽松周期。美联储选择超预期幅度降息一定程度上是希望追赶市场曲线,弥补7月的该降而未降,应对就业市场过快放缓风险。 降息空间并未大幅增加,只是更多降息前移至今年。降息空间取决于经济走势尤其是核心通胀和失业率状态。预计美国经济将从去年的过热转为今年的降温,未来可能趋冷,因就业放缓、收入增速下降和消费信贷紧缩。但美国经济仍有望避免衰退,因家庭资产负债表稳健,各经济部门周期不同步,滚动式收缩或扩张降低同步叠加带来衰退风险。除非经济超预期恶化,否则美联储降息空间相比之前预期并未大幅增加,只是更多降息前移至今年,所以短期收益率下降明显,但长期收益率变化不大,因为已提前反映降息周期。 预计美联储今年可能仍有2次合计50个基点降息,明年可能有4次合计100个基点降息。 美元降息对大类资产的影响。降息将降低美元货基和短期国债的收益率,但对长期国债收益率影响相对较小。长期国债收益率可以拆解为短期国债收益率+期限利差。降息降低短期国债收益率,但通过提振远期经济前景提升期限利差,所以期限越长的国债收益率降幅越小,收益率曲线不断陡峭化。随着降息进入后期,未来降息空间变得有限,远期经济前景改善更加明显,长期国债收益率将率先企稳回升。高收益债收益率可以拆解为无风险利率(同期限国债收益率)和信用风险溢价,降息会降低无风险利率,但降息初期伴随经济放缓可能推升信用利差,对降息正面作用有抵消作用,所以高收益债价格可能先跌后涨。降息对美股具有类似影响,降息初期经济放缓风险可能抵消降息正面作用,待市场消化盈利预期下调风险后,股市可能开始对降息做出正面反应。此轮美元降息伴随美欧经济增速差缩小和美日利差收窄,美元指数可能温和下跌,利好新兴市场货币与股市,但利好程度仍要看新兴市场自身经济基本面和投资回报率前景。此轮美元降息将伴随美元和人民币利差收窄,或支撑人民币兑美元小幅反弹,而日元汇率反弹也将提振人民币汇率。美元降息总体利好A股和港股,对港股的提振作用大于A股。A股市场中外资资金占比不到5%,但美元降息有助于缓解人民币汇率对中国货币政策制约。港股市场中外资、香港本地和中国内地资金基本三分天下,美元降息可以直接降低外资资金成本,并通过港币联系汇率制度降低香港本地资金成本。 联储会议公告变化(9月vs.6月): Recent indicators suggest that economic activity has continued to expand at a solid pace.Job gains havemoderatedslowed, and the unemployment rate has moved up butremains low. Inflation haseased over the past year but remains somewhat elevated. Inrecent months, there has been somemadefurther progress toward the Committee's 2percentinflationobjectivebut remains somewhat elevated. The Committee seeks to achieve maximum employment and inflation at the rate of 2percent over the longer run. The Committeehas gained greater confidence thatinflation is moving sustainably toward 2 percent, andjudges that the risks toachievingits employment and inflation goalscontinue to move into betterare roughlyinbalance. The economic outlook is uncertain, and the Committee is attentive to therisks to both sides of its dual mandate. Insupportlightofits goalsthe progress on inflation and the balance of risks, theCommittee decided tomaintainlowerthe target range for the federal funds rateat 5-1/4to 5-1/2 percentby1/2 percentage pointto4-3/4 to 5 percent.Inconsideringanyadditionaladjustments to the target range for the federal funds rate,the Committee will carefully assess incoming data, the evolving outlook, and the balanceof risks.The Committee does not expect it will be appropriate to reduce the target rangeuntil it has gained greater confidence that inflation is moving sustainably toward 2percent. In addition, theTheCommittee will continue reducing its holdings of Treasurysecurities and agency debt and agency mortgage-backed securities. The Committee isstrongly committed tosupporting maximum employment andreturning inflation to its2 percent objective. In assessing the appropriate stance of monetary policy, the Committee will continue tomonitorthe implications of incoming information for the economic outlook.TheCommittee would be prepared to adjust the stance of monetary policy as appropriate ifrisksemerge that could impede the attainment of the Committee's goals.TheCommittee's assessments will take into account a wide range of information, includingreadings on labor market conditions, inflation pressures and inflation expectations, andfinancial and international developments. Voting for the monetary policy action were Jerome H. Powell, Chair; John C. Williams,Vice Chair; Thomas I. Barkin; Michael S. Barr; Raphael W. Bostic;Michelle W. Bowman;Lisa D. Cook; Mary C. Daly;Austan D. GoolsbeeBeth M. Hammack; Philip N. Jefferson;Adriana D. Kugler; and Christopher J. Waller.Austan D. Goolsbee voted as an alternatememberVoting against this action was MichelleW. Bowman, who preferred tolower the target range for the federal funds rate by 1/4 percentage pointat thismeeting. 资料来源:Wind,彭博,招银国际环球市场 资料来源:Wind,彭博,招银国际环球市场 资料来源:Wind,彭博,招银国际环球市场 资料来源:Wind,彭博,招银国际环球市场 资料来源:Wind,彭博,招银国际环球市场 资料来源:Wind,彭博,招银国际环球市场 资料来源:Wind,彭博,招银国