Global Innovation Index 2023, 16th Edition

in the face ofuncertainty Global InnovationIndex 2023Innovation in the face of uncertainty 16thEdition Soumitra Dutta,Bruno Lanvin,Lorena Rivera LeónandSacha Wunsch-Vincent Editors This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International. © WIPO, 2023 The user is allowed to reproduce, distribute, adapt, translate andpublicly perform this publication, including for commercial purposes,without explicit permission, provided that the content is accompaniedby an acknowledgement that WIPO is the source and that it is clearlyindicated if changes were made to the original content. First published 2023 World Intellectual Property Organization34, chemin des Colombettes, P.O. Box 18CH-1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland Suggested citation: World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)(2023).Global Innovation Index 2023: Innovation in the face of uncertainty.Geneva: WIPO.DOI:10.34667/tind.48220 wipo.int ISBN: 978-92-805-3320-0 (print)ISBN: 978-92-805-3321-7 (online)ISSN: 2263-3693 (print)ISSN: 2788-6972 (online) Adaptation/translation/derivatives should not carry any official emblemor logo, unless they have been approved and validated by WIPO. Pleasecontact us via theWIPO websiteto obtain permission. For any derivative work, please include the following disclaimer:“The Secretariat of WIPO assumes no liability or responsibility withregard to the transformation or translation of the original content.” Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) Cover: Unsplash / Kevin Turcios, GoogleDeepmind, Simon Lee, Javier Miranda,Marek Piwnicki When content published by WIPO, such as images, graphics, trademarksor logos, is attributed to a third party, the user of such content is solelyresponsible for clearing the rights with the right holder(s). WIPO Publication No. 2000EN/23 To view a copy of this license, please visithttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 General enquiries relating to the GII, includingfrom students, academics, journalists and others,may be sent togii@wipo.int. Any dispute arising under this license that cannot be settled amicablyshall be referred to arbitration in accordance with Arbitration Rules ofthe United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL)then in force. The parties shall be bound by any arbitration awardrendered as a result of such arbitration as the final adjudication of sucha dispute. GII-related communications from Member Statesrelating to innovation performance, the state oftheir economy’s innovation metrics or relatedGII assistance requests should be directed to theAssistant Director General, IP and InnovationEcosystems Sector, World Intellectual PropertyOrganization, 34, chemin des Colombettes,CH-1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland (ies@wipo.int)and the GII Team at WIPO (gii@wipo.int). The designations employed and the presentation of materialthroughout this publication do not imply the expression of any opinionwhatsoever on the part of WIPO concerning the legal status of anycountry, territory or area or of its authorities, or concerning thedelimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. This publication is not intended to reflect the views of the MemberStates or the WIPO Secretariat. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturersdoes not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by WIPO inpreference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Contents List of figures and tables4Index to Economy profiles5Foreword6Acknowledgments8Advisory Board10The GII Partners12 GII 2023 at a glance17 Global leaders in innovation, 2023Global Innovation Index 2023 rankingsInnovation performance at different income levels, 2023Key takeaways 18192021 Global Innovation Tracker Global Innovation Tracker26Dashboard26Science and innovation investment27Technological progress35Technology adoption39Socioeconomic impact41Conclusion42 GII 2023 results47 Innovation leaders in 202350Innovation overperformers54Converting innovation investment into tangible innovation output56Innovation across the world’s regions61Conclusion64 Cluster ranking67The GII 2023 top 100 science and technology clusters68 GII 2023 Economy profiles76Framework of the Global Innovation Index 202377How to read the Economy profiles78Economy profiles80 Appendices212 Appendix I–Conceptual and measurement framework of the Global Innovation Index213Appendix II–Joint Research Centre (JRC) statistical audit of the 2023 Global Innovation Index 220Appendix III–Sources and definitions224Appendix IV–Global Innovation Index science and technology cluster methodology246 List of figures and tables Global leaders in innovation, 202318Global Innovation Index 2023 rankings19Innovation performance at different income levels, 202320Global Innovation TrackerDashboard26Framework of the Global Innovation Index 202377Figure 1GDP growth and total and business R&D growth rates, 2007–202428Figure 2R&D expenditure and revenue totals of top global corporate R&D spenders,by industry and year, 201