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负载均衡技术白皮书

电气设备 2026-04-08 新华三技术有限公司乐

概述

负载均衡技术通过流量分发提高业务处理能力，保证业务高可靠性和低延迟。根据部署位置和功能，负载均衡技术可分为以下几类：

服务器负载均衡（SLB）：将客户端请求分配至多台服务器，提高并发处理能力和可靠性。
链路负载均衡：动态选择合适的链路转发数据流量，提升链路利用率和访问质量。
- 出链路负载均衡：将内网用户访问外部互联网的流量分担到多条链路。
- DNS透明代理：对DNS请求进行透明代理，实现出口流量的负载均衡。
- 入链路负载均衡：将外网用户访问内网服务器的流量分担到多条链路，又称本地智能DNS技术。
全局负载均衡（GSLB）：在跨地域、多数据中心部署场景中，根据用户位置、网络状况和负载情况，为用户选择最优的数据中心，实现跨地域业务流量的分配与调度，又称全局智能DNS技术。

负载均衡技术实现

服务器负载均衡技术实现：
- 技术简介：将多台真实服务器配置成一台虚拟服务器，对外发布虚拟服务器的IP地址，并根据调度算法和负载均衡策略将用户流量分配到最优的服务器。
- 工作流程：客户端向SLB设备发送请求，SLB设备根据健康检测、会话保持、负载均衡策略和调度算法，将请求转发到最优的服务器。
- 设备上的业务处理流程：SLB设备通过负载均衡策略或直接关联实服务组进行调度，并根据健康检查结果、会话保持、带宽管理等因素选择目标服务器。
- 业务层级：分为四层和七层服务器负载均衡，分别工作在网络层/传输层和应用层，适用于不同业务场景。
- 部署模式：包括网关模式、旁路模式和三角传输模式，分别适用于不同网络环境。
- 源地址转换：包括目的地址转换（DNAT）和源地址转换（SNAT），用于解决网络地址冲突和优化路由等问题。
- 高可靠性：通过主备模式、双主模式和集群模式，保证业务不因单点故障而中断。
出链路负载均衡技术实现：
- 技术简介：将内网用户访问互联网的流量智能分配到多条出口链路上，提高链路资源利用率和优化用户访问体验。
- 工作流程：LB设备根据负载均衡策略、会话保持方法、就近性算法和调度算法，将流量转发到最优的出口链路。
- 设备上的业务处理流程：LB设备通过负载均衡策略或直接关联出口链路组进行调度，并根据健康检查结果、会话保持、带宽管理等因素选择目标链路。
DNS透明代理技术实现：
- 技术简介：对DNS请求进行透明代理，使DNS请求报文发往不同运营商网络内的DNS服务器，从而实现出方向访问路径的智能选择。
- 工作流程：LB设备通过修改DNS请求的目的IP地址，将DNS查询请求分发到不同的DNS服务器，使解析结果指向对应链路的外网服务器IP地址。
- 设备上的业务处理流程：LB设备通过负载均衡策略或直接关联DNS服务器池进行调度，并根据健康检查结果、会话保持、带宽管理等因素选择目标DNS服务器。
入链路负载均衡技术实现：
- 技术简介：通过智能DNS解析，使外网用户经由不同的链路访问企业服务，提高访问的效率与可靠性。
- 工作流程：LB设备作为权威DNS服务器，对外网用户访问内网服务器的DNS请求报文进行智能解析，为外网用户选择最佳入方向链路。
- 设备上的业务处理流程：LB设备通过DNS监听器、DNS映射、虚服务器池和链路等概念，根据调度算法选出最优链路，并返回该链路对应的虚服务器IP地址。
全局负载均衡技术实现：
- 技术简介：在跨地域、多数据中心部署场景中，根据用户所在地域、网络状况和负载情况，为用户选择最优的数据中心，实现跨地域业务流量的分配与调度。
- 部署模式：包括集中部署模式和分布部署模式，分别适用于不同场景。
- 工作流程：GSLB设备作为指定域名的权威DNS服务器，根据调度算法对各数据中心中承载同一业务的链路进行全局评估，择优选取最适合当前用户访问的链路，并将该链路对应的虚服务器IP地址作为解析结果返回给用户。
- 设备上的业务处理流程：GSLB设备通过全局DNS监听器、全局DNS映射、全局虚服务器池和链路等概念，根据调度算法选出最优数据中心的最优链路，并返回该链路对应的虚服务器IP地址。
- 同步机制：GSLB设备之间可以相互同步配置信息和运行数据，保证各设备配置一致，并使它们能够及时将流量重定向到其他健康的服务器或链路。

负载均衡关键技术

调度算法：根据预先设定的规则，将用户请求在多个可用资源之间进行合理分配。
- 基于静态规则的调度算法：包括随机算法、加权轮转算法、哈希算法、CARP哈希算法、静态就近性算法、首个可用算法、带宽算法、最大带宽算法、流量观察算法和流量预测算法。
- 动态与状态感知调度算法：包括加权最小连接算法、动态反馈算法、最快响应算法、链路质量算法、动态就近性算法、带宽算法、最大带宽算法、流量观察算法和流量预测算法。
健康检测：实时感知节点的运行状态和服务可用性，及时判断各节点是否正常工作，并将探测失败的节点自动从调度池中剔除。
负载均衡策略：决定设备在收到客户端请求后，应如何分配和处理流量。
- 策略类型与适用范围：包括服务器负载均衡策略、出链路负载均衡策略、DNS透明代理策略和全局负载均衡策略。
- 策略内容与匹配过程：包含针对特定负载均衡类为其绑定负载均衡动作、设置缺省负载均衡动作以及若干策略条目的顺序组织。
- 负载均衡类：用于对进入设备的报文进行分类，是负载均衡策略的基础。
- 负载均衡动作：针对被分类报文所执行的具体处理行为，包括转发类动作、修改类动作和代答类动作。
- 会话保持：根据预先定义的会话保持方法，将具有相同特征的一类请求持续分配到同一目标节点处理，包括同一实服务器、同一出口链路或同一DNS服务器等。

典型组网

服务器负载均衡典型组网：适用于数据中心和各类业务系统，通过SLB技术将用户请求按策略分发至多台后端服务器，实现业务横向扩展和高可用性。
出链路负载均衡典型组网：适用于具有多条运营商出口链路的网络环境，通过将用户出向流量分担到多条链路上，实现出口带宽的横向扩展和链路利用率提升。
DNS透明代理典型组网：适用于需要对DNS访问进行统一接管与调度的网络环境，通过在网络关键节点部署DNS透明代理技术，可对经过的DNS报文进行统一调度与转发，实现DNS请求的集中管理，以及出方向访问路径的智能选择。
入链路负载均衡典型组网：适用于企业对外发布业务且同时接入多条运营商线路的场景，通过智能DNS解析，使外部互联网用户访问内网服务器的流量均匀地分配到多条链路上，从而提高访问的效率与可靠性。
全局负载均衡典型组网：适用于跨地域部署的企业网络、大型电商平台、门户网站，以及“两地三中心”等多数据中心场景，通过GSLB设备进行全局调度，实现就近接入、跨数据中心负载分担和快速容灾切换。

目录 1概述······························································································································31.1技术分类·····················································································································31.2技术优势·····················································································································42负载均衡技术实现············································································································52.1服务器负载均衡技术实现································································································52.1.1技术简介············································································································52.1.2工作流程············································································································62.1.3设备上的业务处理流程··························································································62.1.4业务层级············································································································72.1.5部署模式············································································································82.1.6源地址转换·······································································································102.1.7高可靠性··········································································································112.2出链路负载均衡技术实现······························································································172.2.1技术简介··········································································································172.2.2工作流程··········································································································182.2.3设备上的业务处理流程························································································192.3 DNS透明代理技术实现·································································································202.3.1技术简介··········································································································202.3.2工作流程··········································································································212.3.3设备上的业务处理流程························································································212.4入链路负载均衡技术实现······························································································232.4.1技术简介··········································································································232.4.2工作流程··········································································································232.4.3设备上的业务处理流程························································································242.5全局负载均衡技术实现·································································································252.5.1技术简介··········································································································252.5.2部署模式··········································································································262.5.3工作流程··········································································································282.5.4设备上的业务处理流程························································································302.5.5同步机制··········································································································31 3.1调度算法···················································································································32 3.1.2基于静态规则的调度算法·····················································································333.1.3动态与状态感知调度算法·····················································································373.2健康检测···················································································································413.2.2原理介绍··········································································································423.2.3探测模板··········································································································433.3负载均衡策略·············································································································453.3.1策略类型与适用范围···························································································453.3.2策略内容与匹配过程···························································································463.3.3负载均衡类·······································································································463.3.4负载均衡动作····································································································483.3.5会话保持··········································································································534典型组网······················································································································564.1服务器负载均衡典型组网·······························

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负载均衡技术白皮书

概述

负载均衡技术实现

负载均衡关键技术

典型组网

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